Bug introduced in 10.0.2 and fixed in 10.2.0
Since 10.0.2 some code that previously worked using named slots fail in very particular circumstances.
Attchd screenshot shows the issue w/ a particular Dataset which involves multiple pre-processing steps to construct, so cannot display here.
Lookup using form #name& fails, while the more normal forms or in Key form work.

However, it's difficult to reproduce this issue in a minimal example. When I try to project out a few rows and columns from this table to copy-paste it as text, subsequent re-casting to Dataset works w/ all forms of Slot.
Can anyone reproduce?
Dataset`GetTypeofbyVisit? My debugging process for these things would be to doNormal[Query[All,#KinectSyncTime&]]to get the compiled query, then docompiledquery ** typeto see what the type inference thinks (it will yield aFailureTypejudging by the error you saw). – Taliesin Beynon Dec 11 '14 at 23:11