Where is the \matrix command?

Question

From what I can see, \matrix was a TeX command, but I cannot seem to find documentation on it.

It works in MathJax, so I wonder if it can be used in LaTeX.

ie this is valid MathJax:

$$
\left[
\matrix
{
newx.x&newy.x&newz.x \\
newx.y&newy.y&newz.y \\
newx.z&newy.z&newz.z    
}
\right]
$$

As can be seen on math.stackexchange.

In my LaTeX editor (which uses MiKTeX underneath), I have to use \begin{matrix} .. \end{matrix}, so I'm wondering what happened to the \matrix command.

Answer 1

In addition to some already provided, here are a number of ways of creating matrices in LaTeX. Using

• an array structure to place items in a rigid row/column environment;
• \begin{matrix}...\end{matrix} from the amsmath package, which allows you to specify the matrix delimiters yourself (using \left and \right);
• pmatrix, bmatrix, Bmatrix, vmatrix and Vmatrix variations to the above (also from amsmath) to fix the delimiters to ( ), [ ], { }, | |, and || ||, respectively;
• \bordermatrix{...} which is a TeX command and will specify row and column indicies;
• \kbordermatrix{...} which is similar to the above, but provides more flexibility;
• the blkarray package and the associated blockarray and block environments to construct your matrix.

Here is an example file showing some of the different styles:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}% http://ctan.org/pkg/amsmath
\usepackage{kbordermatrix}% http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~kcb/TeX/kbordermatrix.sty
\usepackage{blkarray}% http://ctan.org/pkg/blkarray
\begin{document}
[
\begin{array}{lc}
  \verb|array| & \left(\begin{array}{@{}ccc@{}}
                    a & b & c \
                    d & e & f \
                    g & h & i
                  \end{array}\right) \[15pt]
  \verb|matrix| & \left(\begin{matrix}
                    a & b & c \
                    d & e & f \
                    g & h & i
                  \end{matrix}\right) \[15pt]
  \verb|pmatrix| & \begin{pmatrix}
                    a & b & c \
                    d & e & f \
                    g & h & i
                  \end{pmatrix} \[15pt]
  \verb|bmatrix| & \begin{bmatrix}
                    a & b & c \
                    d & e & f \
                    g & h & i
                  \end{bmatrix} \[15pt]
  \verb|Bmatrix| & \begin{Bmatrix}
                    a & b & c \
                    d & e & f \
                    g & h & i
                  \end{Bmatrix} \[15pt]
  \verb|vmatrix| & \begin{vmatrix}
                    a & b & c \
                    d & e & f \
                    g & h & i
                  \end{vmatrix} \[15pt]
  \verb|Vmatrix| & \begin{Vmatrix}
                    a & b & c \
                    d & e & f \
                    g & h & i
                  \end{Vmatrix} \[15pt]
  \verb|bordermatrix| & \bordermatrix{\text{corner}&c_1&c_2&\ldots &c_n\cr
                r_1&a_{11} &  0  & \ldots & a_{1n}\cr
                r_2& 0  &  a_{22} & \ldots & a_{2n}\cr
                r_3& \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\cr
                r_4& 0  &   0       &\ldots & a_{nn}} \[15pt]
  \verb|kbordermatrix| & \kbordermatrix{\text{corner}&c_1&c_2&\ldots &c_n\cr
                r_1&a_{11} &  0  & \ldots & a_{1n}\cr
                r_2& 0  &  a_{22} & \ldots & a_{2n}\cr
                r_3& \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\cr
                r_4& 0  &   0       &\ldots & a_{nn}} \[25pt]
  \verb|blkarray| & \begin{blockarray}{[cc]c}}
                11 & 22 & 33 \
                1 & 2 & 3 \
                \begin{block}{(ll)l}}
                  11 & 22 & 33 \
                  1 & 2 & 3 \
                \end{block}
                1 & 2 & 3
                \end{blockarray}
\end{array}
]
\end{document}

Answer 2

You shouldn't use \matrix{ but \begin{matrix} and \end{matrix} are provided by the amsmath package.

Answer 3

It's strongly recommended to use amsmath's matrix features. However, answering your question: you can find the definition of \matrix in plain.tex:

\def\matrix#1{\null\,\vcenter{\normalbaselines\m@th
    \ialign{\hfil$##$\hfil&&\quad\hfil$##$\hfil\crcr
      \mathstrut\crcr\noalign{\kern-\baselineskip}
      #1\crcr\mathstrut\crcr\noalign{\kern-\baselineskip}}}\,}

Related:

\def\pmatrix#1{\left(\matrix{#1}\right)}

You can find plain.tex by typing on the command prompt

kpsewhich plain.tex

which gives on a current standard Windows TeX Live installation, for example

c:/texlive/2011/texmf-dist/tex/plain/base/plain.tex

\matrix is documented in the TeX book and various other TeX documentation. LaTeX documentation is mostly about the more modern matrix environment of amsmath.

Answer 4

The command \matrix is defined in the LaTeX kernel

% latex.ltx, line 4509:
\def\matrix#1{\null\,\vcenter{\normalbaselines\m@th
    \ialign{\hfil$##$\hfil&&\quad\hfil$##$\hfil\crcr
      \mathstrut\crcr\noalign{\kern-\baselineskip}
      #1\crcr\mathstrut\crcr\noalign{\kern-\baselineskip}}}\,}
\def\pmatrix#1{\left(\matrix{#1}\right)}

(the version of LaTeX used is LaTeX2e <2018-12-01>).

Comparing it with plain.tex

% plain.tex, line 1093:
\def\matrix#1{\null\,\vcenter{\normalbaselines\m@th
    \ialign{\hfil$##$\hfil&&\quad\hfil$##$\hfil\crcr
      \mathstrut\crcr\noalign{\kern-\baselineskip}
      #1\crcr\mathstrut\crcr\noalign{\kern-\baselineskip}}}\,}
\def\pmatrix#1{\left(\matrix{#1}\right)}

we see no difference at all.

The reason is historical: when LaTeX was first issued, it incorporated much of plain.tex, in order to ease switch from one to the other. Moreover, the original LaTeX kernel had very basic support for math: in addition to plain TeX structures it only provided displaymath, equation, eqnarray and eqnarray*. The eqnarray environment and its starred companion were designed as replacement for eqalignno and eqalign (but not the best replacement).

When amsmath came to light (at first named amslatex), a problem arose: the original amstex.tex plug in for plain.tex used \matrix ... \endmatrix which ought to get the LaTeX syntax \begin{matrix}...\end{matrix}. There's of course a conflict: a document using \matrix{...} as supported by the LaTeX kernel would be at stake if amsmath is loaded. Similarly for \pmatrix{...} and \begin{pmatrix}...\end{pmatrix}.

Indeed amsmath has

\renewenvironment{matrix}{%
  \matrix@check\matrix\env@matrix
}{%
  \endarray \hskip -\arraycolsep
}
\def\env@matrix{\hskip -\arraycolsep
  \let\@ifnextchar\new@ifnextchar
  \array{*\c@MaxMatrixCols c}}
\newcount\c@MaxMatrixCols \c@MaxMatrixCols=10
\def\matrix@check#1{%
  \@xp\ifx\csname\@currenvir\endcsname#1%
  \else\matrix@error#1%
    \@xp\@gobble
  \fi
}
\def\matrix@error#1{%
  \@amsmath@err{%
Old form `\string#1' should be \string\begin{\@xp\@gobble\string#1}%
  }{%
`\string#1{...}' is old Plain-TeX syntax whose use is
ill-advised in LaTeX.%
  }%
}
\renewenvironment{pmatrix}{%
  \left(%
  \matrix@check\pmatrix\env@matrix
}{
  \endmatrix\right)%
}

What does this mean? We know that \begin{foo} first does some bookkeeping, including defining \@currenvir to mean foo and then executes \foo, so replacing it with the tokens given in the “begin part” at definition time. In the case of \matrix and \pmatrix, \matrix@check is performed; this command checks whether the current environment name matches either matrix or pmatrix; this will be true if the document has used \begin{matrix} or \begin{pmatrix}, but false if the plain TeX syntax \matrix{...} or \pmatrix{...} is used. In the latter case, an error is raised and the argument to \matrix or \pmatrix is gobbled for allowing to complete the LaTeX run.

This conflict is not really so serious: every document with substantial use of math should load amsmath and therefore employ the \begin{matrix} or \begin{pmatrix} syntax.

By the way, this has a consequence; if one wants to build over matrix using “macho programming style”, an environment should not be defined like

\newenvironment{foomatrix}
 {<something at the beginning>\matrix}
 {\endmatrix<something at the end>}

because this would trigger \matrix@error. Instead

\makeatletter
\newenvironment{foomatrix}
 {<something at the beginning>\env@matrix}
 {\endmatrix<something at the end>}
\makeatother

should be used; for instance, amsmath has

\newenvironment{bmatrix}{\left[\env@matrix}{\endmatrix\right]}

---

With MathJax, both

\matrix{ 1 & 0 \cr 0 & 1 }

and

\begin{matrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{matrix}

are allowed. The implementation doesn't really “expand” \begin like it's done in LaTeX, so it is free to do other tricks.