AKR1C3

AKR1C3
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1RY0, 1RY8, 1S1P, 1S1R, 1S2A, 1S2C, 1XF0, 1ZQ5, 2F38, 2FGB, 3R43, 3R58, 3R6I, 3R7M, 3R8G, 3R8H, 3R94, 3UFY, 3UG8, 3UGR, 3UWE, 4DBS, 4DBU, 4DBW, 4DZ5, 4FA3, 4FAL, 4FAM, 4H7C, 4HMN, 4WDT, 4WDU, 4WDW, 4WDX, 4WRH, 4XVD, 4XVE, 4ZFC, 4YVX, 4YVV
Identifiers
Aliases	AKR1C3, DD3, DDX, HA1753, HAKRB, HAKRe, HSD17B5, PGFS, hluPGFS, aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C3, aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3
External IDs	OMIM: 603966; MGI: 2145420; HomoloGene: 128661; GeneCards: AKR1C3; OMA:AKR1C3 - orthologs
EC number	1.3.1.20
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 10 (human)[1]
End	5,107,686 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 13 (mouse)[2]
End	4,200,653 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	jejunal mucosa; ; pancreatic ductal cell; ; gallbladder; ; duodenum; ; right lobe of liver; ; kidney tubule; ; islet of Langerhans; ; adipose tissue; ; subcutaneous adipose tissue; ; rectum;
	Top expressed in
	lacrimal gland; ; lip; ; conjunctival fornix; ; parotid gland; ; proximal tubule; ; kidney; ; trachea; ; cervix; ; skin of back; ; respiratory epithelium;
	More reference expression data
	; ;
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	delta4-3-oxosteroid 5beta-reductase activity; prostaglandin-F synthase activity; trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity; alditol:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase activity; retinal dehydrogenase activity; geranylgeranyl reductase activity; indanol dehydrogenase activity; aldo-keto reductase (NADP) activity; dihydrotestosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase activity; phenanthrene 9,10-monooxygenase activity; ketoreductase activity; oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor; testosterone dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity; NAD-retinol dehydrogenase activity; testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity; oxidoreductase activity; androsterone dehydrogenase activity; 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity; ketosteroid monooxygenase activity; NADP-retinol dehydrogenase activity; prostaglandin D2 11-ketoreductase activity; prostaglandin H2 endoperoxidase reductase activity; alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity; steroid dehydrogenase activity;
Cellular component	cytoplasm; cytosol; intracellular anatomical structure; extracellular exosome; nucleus;
Biological process	cellular response to calcium ion; negative regulation of retinoic acid biosynthetic process; prostaglandin metabolic process; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; cellular response to jasmonic acid stimulus; steroid metabolic process; positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling; male gonad development; positive regulation of cell death; daunorubicin metabolic process; doxorubicin metabolic process; response to nutrient; regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway; progesterone metabolic process; cellular response to starvation; regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process; cellular response to cadmium ion; cellular response to corticosteroid stimulus; cyclooxygenase pathway; keratinocyte differentiation; retinal metabolic process; retinoid metabolic process; cellular response to reactive oxygen species; farnesol catabolic process; positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process; positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process; cellular response to prostaglandin D stimulus; positive regulation of cell population proliferation; renal absorption; testosterone biosynthetic process; cellular response to prostaglandin stimulus; retinol metabolic process; macromolecule metabolic process;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	8644
	105349
	ENSG00000196139
	ENSMUSG00000021214
	P42330
	Q8K023
	NM_003739; NM_001253908; NM_001253909; NM_016253
	NM_134066; NM_001346535
	NP_001240837; NP_001240838; NP_003730
	NP_001333464; NP_598827
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3), also known as 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17β-HSD5, HSD17B5) or 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (3α-HSD2)[5][6][7] is a steroidogenic enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKR1C3 gene.[8][9][10]

Function

This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. These enzymes catalyze the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols by utilizing NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. The enzymes display overlapping but distinct substrate specificity. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of prostaglandin D₂, prostaglandin H₂, and phenanthrenequinone, and the oxidation of prostaglandin F_2α to prostaglandin D₂.[10] It is also capable of metabolizing estrogen and progesterone.[11]

AKR1C3 may play an important role in the development of allergic diseases such as asthma, and may also have a role in controlling cell growth and/or differentiation. This gene shares high sequence identity with three other gene members and is clustered with those three genes at chromosome 10p15-p14.[10]

Pathology

AKR1C3 is overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa) and is associated with the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In addition, AKR1C3 overexpression may serve as a promising biomarker for prostate cancer progression.[12]

Isozymes of aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C


HGNC Gene Symbol	Enzyme Name Aliases[13]
AKR1C1	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1; 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
AKR1C2	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2; 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3
AKR1C3	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3; 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2; 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5; HSD17B5
AKR1C4	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4; 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1

References

GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000196139 – Ensembl, May 2017
GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021214 – Ensembl, May 2017
"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Zhang B, Zhu DW, Hu XJ, Zhou M, Shang P, Lin SX (May 2014). "Human 3-alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (3α-HSD3): The V54L mutation restricting the steroid alternative binding and enhancing the 20α-HSD activity". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 141: 135–143. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.01.003. PMID 24434280.
Li T, Zhang W, Lin SX (February 2020). "Steroid enzyme and receptor expression and regulations in breast tumor samples – A statistical evaluation of public data". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 196: 105494. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105494. PMID 31610224.
Masiutin MM, Yadav MK (3 April 2023). "Alternative androgen pathways" (PDF). WikiJournal of Medicine. 10: 29. doi:10.15347/WJM/2023.003. S2CID 257943362. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Khanna M, Qin KN, Wang RW, Cheng KC (August 1995). "Substrate Specificity, Gene Structure, and Tissue-specific Distribution of Multiple Human 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (34): 20162–20168. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.34.20162. PMID 7650035.
Matsuura K, Shiraishi H, Hara A, Sato K, Deyashiki Y, Ninomiya M, Sakai S (November 1998). "Identification of a Principal mRNA Species for Human 3 -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Isoform (AKR1C3) That Exhibits High Prostaglandin D2 11-Ketoreductase Activity". Journal of Biochemistry. 124 (5): 940–946. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022211. PMID 9792917.
EntrezGene 8644 AKR1C3 aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
Theisen JG, Sundaram V, Filchak MS, Chorich LP, Sullivan ME, Knight J, Kim HG, Layman LC (27 December 2019). "The Use of Whole Exome Sequencing in a Cohort of Transgender Individuals to Identify Rare Genetic Variants". Scientific Reports. 9 (1). Table 4. Bibcode:2019NatSR...920099T. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53500-y. PMC 6934803. PMID 31882810.
Tian Y, Zhao L, Zhang H, Liu X, Zhao L, Zhao X, Li Y, Li J (December 2014). "AKR1C3 overexpression may serve as a promising biomarker for prostate cancer progression". Diagnostic Pathology. 9 (1): 42. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-9-42. PMC 3939640. PMID 24571686.
Dufort I, Labrie F, Luu-The V (February 2001). "Human types 1 and 3 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: differential lability and tissue distribution". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86 (2): 841–6. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.2.7216. PMID 11158055. human types 1 and 3 3α-HSD, 20α-HSD, and type 5 17β-HSD were named AKR1C4, AKR1C2, AKR1C1, and AKR1C3, respectively

External links

Human AKR1C3 genome location and AKR1C3 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.

Lin SX, Shi R, Qiu W, Azzi A, Zhu DW, Dabbagh HA, Zhou M (Mar 2006). "Structural basis of the multispecificity demonstrated by 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 5". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 248 (1–2): 38–46. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2005.11.035. PMID 16480815. S2CID 19087697.
Khanna M, Qin KN, Cheng KC (Jun 1995). "Distribution of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat brain and molecular cloning of multiple cDNAs encoding structurally related proteins in humans". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 53 (1–6): 41–6. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(95)00019-V. PMID 7626489. S2CID 11316547.
Nagase T, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Sazuka T, Seki N, Sato S, Tabata S, Ishikawa K, Kawarabayasi Y, Kotani H (1995). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. III. The coding sequences of 40 new genes (KIAA0081-KIAA0120) deduced by analysis of cDNA clones from human cell line KG-1". DNA Research. 2 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1093/dnares/2.1.37. PMID 7788527.
Khanna M, Qin KN, Klisak I, Belkin S, Sparkes RS, Cheng KC (Jan 1995). "Localization of multiple human dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DDH1 and DDH2) and chlordecone reductase (CHDR) genes in chromosome 10 by the polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization". Genomics. 25 (2): 588–90. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80066-U. PMID 7789999.
Qin KN, New MI, Cheng KC (Dec 1993). "Molecular cloning of multiple cDNAs encoding human enzymes structurally related to 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 46 (6): 673–9. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(93)90308-J. PMID 8274401. S2CID 36210133.
Bennett MJ, Schlegel BP, Jez JM, Penning TM, Lewis M (Aug 1996). "Structure of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase complexed with NADP+". Biochemistry. 35 (33): 10702–11. doi:10.1021/bi9604688. PMID 8718859.
Lin HK, Jez JM, Schlegel BP, Peehl DM, Pachter JA, Penning TM (Dec 1997). "Expression and characterization of recombinant type 2 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) from human prostate: demonstration of bifunctional 3 alpha/17 beta-HSD activity and cellular distribution". Molecular Endocrinology. 11 (13): 1971–84. doi:10.1210/mend.11.13.0026. PMID 9415401.
Mills KI, Gilkes AF, Sweeney M, Choudhry MA, Woodgate LJ, Bunce CM, Brown G, Burnett AK (Nov 1998). "Identification of a retinoic acid responsive aldoketoreductase expressed in HL60 leukaemic cells". FEBS Letters. 440 (1–2): 158–62. Bibcode:1998FEBSL.440..158M. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01435-5. PMID 9862446. S2CID 21355070.
Dufort I, Rheault P, Huang XF, Soucy P, Luu-The V (Feb 1999). "Characteristics of a highly labile human type 5 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase". Endocrinology. 140 (2): 568–74. doi:10.1210/endo.140.2.6531. PMID 9927279.
Rheault P, Dufort I, Soucy P, Luu-The V (1999). "Assignment of HSD17B5 encoding type 5 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to human chromosome bands 10p15-->p14 and mouse chromosome 13 region A2 by in situ hybridization: identification of a new syntenic relationship". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 84 (3–4): 241–2. doi:10.1159/000015267. PMID 10393440. S2CID 5792836.
Griffin LD, Mellon SH (Nov 1999). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors directly alter activity of neurosteroidogenic enzymes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (23): 13512–7. Bibcode:1999PNAS...9613512G. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.23.13512. PMC 23979. PMID 10557352.
Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Nishizawa M, Fukui M, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Nakajima T, Ito S, Watanabe K (Dec 1999). "cDNA cloning, expression and characterization of human prostaglandin F synthase". FEBS Letters. 462 (3): 335–40. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01551-3. PMID 10622721. S2CID 19812463.
Nishizawa M, Nakajima T, Yasuda K, Kanzaki H, Sasaguri Y, Watanabe K, Ito S (Feb 2000). "Close kinship of human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene with three aldo-keto reductase genes". Genes to Cells. 5 (2): 111–25. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00310.x. PMID 10672042. S2CID 25136637.
Penning TM, Burczynski ME, Jez JM, Hung CF, Lin HK, Ma H, Moore M, Palackal N, Ratnam K (Oct 2000). "Human 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms (AKR1C1-AKR1C4) of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily: functional plasticity and tissue distribution reveals roles in the inactivation and formation of male and female sex hormones". The Biochemical Journal. 351 (Pt 1): 67–77. doi:10.1042/bj3510067. PMC 1221336. PMID 10998348.
Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (Nov 2000). "DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination". Genome Research. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.
Penning TM, Burczynski ME, Jez JM, Lin HK, Ma H, Moore M, Ratnam K, Palackal N (Jan 2001). "Structure-function aspects and inhibitor design of type 5 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C3)". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 171 (1–2): 137–49. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00426-3. PMID 11165022. S2CID 11599113.
Simpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, Pepperkok R, Wiemann S (Sep 2000). "Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing". EMBO Reports. 1 (3): 287–92. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058. PMC 1083732. PMID 11256614.

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[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000196139 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021214 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[5] Zhang B, Zhu DW, Hu XJ, Zhou M, Shang P, Lin SX (May 2014). "Human 3-alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (3α-HSD3): The V54L mutation restricting the steroid alternative binding and enhancing the 20α-HSD activity". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 141: 135–143. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.01.003. PMID 24434280.

[6] Li T, Zhang W, Lin SX (February 2020). "Steroid enzyme and receptor expression and regulations in breast tumor samples – A statistical evaluation of public data". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 196: 105494. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105494. PMID 31610224.

[wj-7] Masiutin MM, Yadav MK (3 April 2023). "Alternative androgen pathways" (PDF). WikiJournal of Medicine. 10: 29. doi:10.15347/WJM/2023.003. S2CID 257943362. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

[pmid7650035-8] Khanna M, Qin KN, Wang RW, Cheng KC (August 1995). "Substrate Specificity, Gene Structure, and Tissue-specific Distribution of Multiple Human 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (34): 20162–20168. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.34.20162. PMID 7650035.

[pmid9792917-9] Matsuura K, Shiraishi H, Hara A, Sato K, Deyashiki Y, Ninomiya M, Sakai S (November 1998). "Identification of a Principal mRNA Species for Human 3 -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Isoform (AKR1C3) That Exhibits High Prostaglandin D2 11-Ketoreductase Activity". Journal of Biochemistry. 124 (5): 940–946. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022211. PMID 9792917.

[entrez-10] EntrezGene 8644 AKR1C3 aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

[11] Theisen JG, Sundaram V, Filchak MS, Chorich LP, Sullivan ME, Knight J, Kim HG, Layman LC (27 December 2019). "The Use of Whole Exome Sequencing in a Cohort of Transgender Individuals to Identify Rare Genetic Variants". Scientific Reports. 9 (1). Table 4. Bibcode:2019NatSR...920099T. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53500-y. PMC 6934803. PMID 31882810.

[12] Tian Y, Zhao L, Zhang H, Liu X, Zhao L, Zhao X, Li Y, Li J (December 2014). "AKR1C3 overexpression may serve as a promising biomarker for prostate cancer progression". Diagnostic Pathology. 9 (1): 42. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-9-42. PMC 3939640. PMID 24571686.

[pmid11158055-13] Dufort I, Labrie F, Luu-The V (February 2001). "Human types 1 and 3 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: differential lability and tissue distribution". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86 (2): 841–6. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.2.7216. PMID 11158055. human types 1 and 3 3α-HSD, 20α-HSD, and type 5 17β-HSD were named AKR1C4, AKR1C2, AKR1C1, and AKR1C3, respectively

Oxidoreductases: alcohol oxidoreductases (EC 1.1)
1.1.1: NAD/NADP acceptor	3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase Aldo-keto reductase 1A1 1B1 1B10 1C1 1C3 1C4 7A2 Aldose reductase Beta-Ketoacyl ACP reductase Carbohydrate dehydrogenases Carnitine dehydrogenase D-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) DXP reductoisomerase Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase HMG-CoA reductase IMP dehydrogenase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase L-threonine dehydrogenase L-xylulose reductase Malate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) Malate dehydrogenase (NADP+) Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+) Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Sorbitol dehydrogenase Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: 3β 3β-HSD NSDHL 11β 11β-HSD1 11β-HSD2 17β
1.1.2: cytochrome acceptor	D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553) Mannitol dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
1.1.3: oxygen acceptor	Glucose oxidase L-gulonolactone oxidase Xanthine oxidase Alcohol oxidase
1.1.4: disulfide as acceptor	Vitamin K epoxide reductase Vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive)
1.1.5: quinone/similar acceptor	Malate dehydrogenase (quinone) Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase
1.1.99: other acceptors	Choline dehydrogenase L2HGDH

Enzymes
Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis
Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator
Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes
Kinetics	Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list)