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I have a question regarding potentiometer example:

https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/AnalogReadSerial

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If I turn the potentiometer to the marginal position and have 5V at A0 (and almost zero resistance at the pot), what limits the current flowing through the circuit?

Gerben
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Denis Kulagin
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2 Answers2

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A0 input is high impedance, so very little current is flowing into A0. The value is so small that you can simplify that it flows only from +5V through the potentiometer to GND.

For some applications, when you are measuring high-impedance sources (a source that can deliver very little current) this simplification may not be correct.

You can find more detailed explaination in Atmel application note:

http://www.atmel.com/images/atmel-8456-8-and-32-bit-avr-microcontrollers-avr127-understanding-adc-parameters_application-note.pdf

IOB Toolkit Team
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  • Sorry for maybe a stupid question, but if the current flows through the pot with close to zero resistance from +5V to GND, isn't I short-circuting an Adruino that way? – Denis Kulagin Jan 31 '16 at 11:09
  • Resistance between +5V to GND is rather high and equal to nominal potentiometer resistance. It depends what pot you've choosen. Check it with a meter or check for value printent on the case. If it haven't smoked yet, it must be high enough. :-)

    Potentiometer works as a voltage divider with current flowing mainly through Z1 and Z2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider

     – IOB Toolkit Team Jan 31 '16 at 11:18
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    Oh, got it finally! Resistance between +5V and ground is always 10 kOms, but resistance between +5V and OUT can vary from 0 Ohms to 10 kOhms. – Denis Kulagin Jan 31 '16 at 11:45
  • Exactly. Now, the important thing is that the source impedance will vary. If you swipe the potentiometer to +5V, source impedance will be close to 0 (low Z1, high Z2). If you turn it to let's say, 0.1V, the source impedance will be close to 10k (high Z1, low Z2). This will start being an issue if you use high-resistance potentiometers (100s kiloohms), as the source will become to weak for the ADC, resulting in errors. We use buffers and signal conditioning circuits to mitigate those issues. – IOB Toolkit Team Jan 31 '16 at 12:05
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Assuming A0 is set to input then it is a high-impedance input. That is, the input has a high resistance, and only consumes enough current to "sample" the voltage.

Nick Gammon
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  • Please, take no offence for giving an accepted answer to IOB Toolkit Team. I suppose it's in the best interest for community to distribute the rep-wealth evenly among its members. – Denis Kulagin Jan 31 '16 at 10:36
  • I'm not offended. They typed their answer while I was typing mine. By the time I pressed "Submit" their answer was there. I agree about distributing rep, BTW. :) – Nick Gammon Jan 31 '16 at 20:21