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This answer mentions that the C. elegans hermaphrodite has exactly 302 distinct neurons. This has made it a very effective model for a variety of types of biological research, including neurology and cell differentiation. It is also currently the only organism with a completely mapped connectome.

But the word "always" made me wonder - has a viable specimen ever been verified to naturally have a number of neurons other than 302? Not as a result of an experiment, just naturally?

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uhoh
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    tag suggestions? – uhoh Mar 26 '17 at 11:18
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    Well, at the most trivial level, males have 385 neurons compared to the 302 in hermaphrodites but I don't think that's what you mean. – Jack Aidley Mar 26 '17 at 12:05
  • @JackAidley Thanks - I've made an edit to reflect that. Assistance always appreciated! – uhoh Mar 26 '17 at 12:15
  • Your comment to an answer made your question confusing. Are you asking whether wild-type C. elegans can develop with more or less neurons or whether natural mutants have been observed that have more or less neurons? – canadianer Mar 26 '17 at 19:43
  • @canadianer The question is worded as intended, and doesn't try to pre-specify how or why it might happen beyond "(n)ot as a result of an experiment, just naturally." I'll add a comment below the one you've mentioned to make sure it doesn't affect interpretation of the question. Thanks for pointing it out! – uhoh Mar 26 '17 at 21:06
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    The mutation studied in this paper prevents apoptosis and leads to mature worms with extra neurons. However, the mutation was induced chemically. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/3955651/ – canadianer Mar 27 '17 at 06:05

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According to the highly respected WORMATLAS: A Database of Behavioral and Structural Anatomy of Caenorhabditis elegans, the number is invariable in this animal, one of the most studied in the world.

There are 302 neurons in the nervous system of C. elegans; this number is invariant between animals. Each neuron has a unique combination of properties, such as morphology, connectivity and position, so that every neuron may be given a unique label. Groups of neurons that differ from each other only in position have been assigned to classes. There are 118 classes that have been made using these criteria, the class sizes ranging from 1 to 13. Thus C. elegans has a rich variety of neuron types in spite of having only a small total complement of neurons. (Emphasis mine)

From the above, you might guess that the number of synapses are not, however.

The full list of synapses for hermaphrodite (including larval stages) and adult male are currently being reviewed and revised for the Wormwiring Project. All data comes from re/analysis of the sections for the hermaphrodite N2U, N2T, N2W and JSE animals, and male N2Y and n930 animals. The total counts of both electrical and chemical synapses are likely to be substantially higher than what was reported in the Mind of a Worm.

Would I be surprised if someone found a different number in a particular specimen? No more so than when people are born with four kidneys, a parasitized twin, etc.

Edited to Add:

An article, Mutations that affect neural cell lineages and cell fates during the development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has identified mutations with more or fewer neurons:

Specifically, unc-83 and unc-84 mutations affect certain precursor cells that generate both neural and nonneural descendants; lin-22 and lin-26 mutants lead to the generation of supernumerary neural cells with a concomitant loss of nonneural cells; lin-4, lin-14, lin-28, and lin-29 mutants perturb global aspects of developmental timing, altering the time of appearance (or preventing the appearance) of both neural and nonneural cells...

However, access to the paper is restricted, and I don't know if these mutations were induced (most likely were.)

HT to @canadianer for the link that led to my link.

anongoodnurse
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    Thanks, this is helpful, and the issue of synapse number and its variation is very interesting. But "I wouldn't be surprised" is not really a satisfying answer to my yes or no question. – uhoh Mar 26 '17 at 14:37
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    That's because people like "yes or no" questions. But the truth is that there is very little in life that can be answered by "yes or no". An oft-quoted maxim in English is, "Nothing is certain but death and taxes." However, even that can't be relied upon. Will you die? Yes. Will you have to pay taxes? It depends. – anongoodnurse Mar 26 '17 at 14:40
  • Have you rarely given yes or no answers in stackexchange? – uhoh Mar 26 '17 at 14:45
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    That is irrelevant to your question. – anongoodnurse Mar 26 '17 at 14:47
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    Rats! I started counting them - you have several high-fliers with very explicit yeses and nos, and was going to create an incredibly eloquent comment pointing them out, but then you brought in logic, and my flow is lost. Hopefully along the way, someone has published an account of a wild-type with an other-than-302 neuron number. I say hopefully because its a lot harder to defend a no in this case, but a yes just needs one example. I saw a four leaf clover once, that's all it took to know they can happen. – uhoh Mar 26 '17 at 14:54
  • The comment above shouldn't have used the term wild type as it speaks too specifically to genetics. The point there is that a yes would require a single example, but a no would be more challenging to support, thus the four-leaf clover example. – uhoh Mar 26 '17 at 21:14
  • @uhoh - Ha! I hope you see the irony of the above edit. It satisfies both of us. ;) – anongoodnurse Mar 27 '17 at 21:54
  • I'll come back again after having sufficient coffee firing neuron number, and see if I can. – uhoh Mar 28 '17 at 00:41
  • Not only is the exact number of cells in C.elegans known but the lineages of each and every cell are known and traced back to the fertilized egg. Neuron map http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_specnervsys.2/neurogenesis_fig2.jpg They are an easy model organism to work with. You can perform RNAi experiments by feeding the worms bacteria transformed with the construct for your RNA. They are transparent, making live imaging easier. Hermaphrodites will produce exact clones of themselves. Plus, if you feel like going home or taking the weekend off, you can freeze the plates and pick it up later. – AMR Mar 29 '17 at 17:18
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    @anongoodnurse my goodness that's a lot of mutations, and even a lot of mutation-naming citations! I see your point now - it would be surprising not to find an occasional individual hermaphrodite with a neuron number other than 302 if one looked hard enough. That may not be as rewarding as finding a four-leaf clover, so won't be doing any searching very soon. Thanks! - I've now asked the four leaf clover question. – uhoh Mar 31 '17 at 08:41
  • Male C. elegans have 385 neurons http://www.wormatlas.org/male/neuronalsupport/Neuroframeset.html – tsttst May 25 '18 at 00:26
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Many Nematodes do not use traditional hox genes instead the have a strange set up which controls cell placement directly. This means individual adults of many nematode species have the exact same number of cells, it can even be used to identify species. So having the exact same number of neurons is what one should expect in nematodes. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26861/

Although they may have two different but none the less exact cell counts due to gender, for instance you often see it written that C. elegans as about ~1000 somatic cells, what they actually mean is males have 959 somatic cells and hermaphrodites (there are no females)have exactly 1031 somatic cells. They count this by number of nuclei since the cell size can vary.

Note that this is also in ADULT specimens newly hatched specimens have only 558 cells, so you could look at newly hatched ones for a smaller neuron count.

John
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