I need to reinstall Blender but I want to backup my startup file first. Where is this data stored?
3 Answers
The configuration files are:
startup.blend and userpref.blend, bookmarks.txt, recent-files.txt,
Windows
The following files are stored in:
%APPDATA%\Blender Foundation\Blender\2.73\config
(%APPDATA% points to C:\Users\<UserName>\AppData\Roaming)
In more recent versions of Windows it will be in:
C:\Users\<UserName>\AppData\Roaming\Blender Foundation\Blender\<VersionNumber>\config
Note that AppData is a hidden folder, you can change directory to AppData from the command line.
Linux
The Linux versions stores the same files at this path
/home/<UserName>/.config/blender/2.73/config
OS X
For OS X, the config files can be located at
/Users/<UserName>/Library/Application Support/Blender/2.73/config
The Library folder is also likely to be hidden by default so you may have to look up how to unhide it.
More info: https://www.blender.org/manual/en/getting_started/installing/configuration/directories.html
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When uninstalling (on Windows at least), you don't need to worry about this, Blender will ask you if you want to keep or remove your config files etc, simply choose the former and after reinstalling, your settings will still be there.

Additionally, if you uninstall and the version you are installing is different from the last, press Copy Previous Settings and it will apply your stored config to your fresh install after which you can save as your new default with CtrlU.

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1Blender recently became available on Steam, so I've opted to use that version. This answer was exactly what I was looking for! – Gigazelle Apr 25 '15 at 06:12
I don't know where it is stored, but you could just save your startup file as a normal .blend file, open it in the new blender installation and press CtrlU to set this file as your new startup file.
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3Since about 2.60 the startup is now in two files -
startup.blendanduserpref.blendthis will save the main scene file but not the preference settings. – sambler Jan 18 '15 at 02:56
C:\Users\<UserName>\AppData\Roamingto%APPDATA%to help others. I hope that's ok. – user Jun 17 '15 at 18:28