It seems this value is (arbitrarily) hardcoded to 600.
See the relevant docs
You can test this out using the snippet from another answer.
import bpy
zoom = 5
screen = bpy.context.screen
area = next(area for area in screen.areas if area.type == "VIEW_3D")
space = area.spaces.active
region_3d = space.region_3d
region_3d.view_camera_zoom += zoom
It is not uncommon for Blender devs to change hard limits. For example the bevel segment limit has been set to a soft-cap in the past. A thread over on Right Click Select or devtalk to explain the problem might help solving it, usually for these kind of changes it's just a matter of changing a few variables in the property definitions.
Numpad .actually does not switch to Perspective on my PC. Is it only when Blender stopped zooming? – Gordon Brinkmann Sep 14 '23 at 13:48Numpad .andNumpad 5directly afterwards to immediately switch back to Orthographic view. In the Preferences you can disable automatic switching to Perspective when rotating the view, but that does not work with cameras. – Gordon Brinkmann Sep 15 '23 at 12:37