There is a way to assign this action to a shortcut. Head to the Scripting tab (or open a Text Editor view) and paste this script:
bl_info = {
"name": "Quick Render",
"category": "Rendering",
}
import bpy
class QuickRender(bpy.types.Operator):
bl_idname = "quick.render"
bl_label = "Quick render"
bl_options = {'REGISTER'}
def execute(self, context):
# setup quick render settings and kick off render
old_percentage = context.scene.render.resolution_percentage
context.scene.render.resolution_percentage = 50
bpy.ops.render.render('INVOKE_DEFAULT')
# restore old render settings
context.scene.render.resolution_percentage = old_percentage
return {'FINISHED'}
addon_keymaps = []
def register():
bpy.utils.register_class(QuickRender)
wm = bpy.context.window_manager
# setup where to run the shortcut
km = wm.keyconfigs.addon.keymaps.new(name='Object Mode', space_type='EMPTY')
# setup the shortcut key
kmi = km.keymap_items.new(QuickRender.bl_idname, 'R', 'PRESS', alt=True)
addon_keymaps.append(km)
def unregister():
bpy.utils.unregister_class(QuickRender)
wm = bpy.context.window_manager
for km in addon_keymaps:
wm.keyconfigs.addon.keymaps.remove(km)
del addon_keymaps[:]
if name == 'main':
register()
Running the script will enable Alt+R in the 3D view which starts a render with 50% resolution. Look at the comments in the code if you want to change the shortcut details. You can also register the script, so you don't need to run it everytime you open up your project:

I have adopted the code from the Blender addon tutorial. How to setup the shortcut is here and the render call here.
Alt+1,Alt+2etc.). If the shortcut slider is not possible yet, you could make a feature request to the Blender team https://blender.stackexchange.com/questions/1190/best-place-to-put-feature-requests/1211#1211 – taiyo Oct 10 '23 at 15:29