Python- FM Modulation

Question

I am trying to Frequency modulate a sine signal using Python. I have written the following code that should do it:

def generateSignalFM(time_vector,data):
    TWO_PI = 2 * np.pi
    fc = 100
    b = 15
    data = np.sin(TWO_PI * 1 * time_vector)
    fm = np.sin(TWO_PI * (fc + b * data) * time_vector)
plot_graph2d(time_vector,data,time_vector,fm)


def plot_graph2d(t1,data1,t2,data2):
plt.plot(t2,data2)
plt.xlabel(&quot;Time(s)&quot;)
plt.ylabel(&quot;Amplitude&quot;)
plt.plot(t1,data1)
plt.legend(['FM Signal', 'Original Signal'])
plt.show()

However this is the result I'm getting back:

As you can see it does work, but it is not synchronized, the lowest frequency of the sine wave does not appear below the lowest frequency of the FM signal.

Can anyone explain why this is happening?

Tying to FM an audio file:

score 1 · Answer 1 · answered Jan 04 '22 at 18:35

1

This should really be a comment on the accepted answer, but I lack the reputation to do so.

@OverLordGoldDragon, what is the motivation behind multiplying the whole phi by $2\pi$, as opposed to only multiplying its first half (fc*t) by $2\pi$? It seems that this just boosts the modulation index b by a relatively arbitrary amount. This isn't too bad when b is just an uninterpretable control parameter for artistic applications (e.g. sound synthesis), but if your intention includes demodulation (e.g. FM radio transmission), the modulation index is not a free parameter, but depends on the modulator frequency and amplitude.

answered Jan 04 '22 at 18:35

Johan

111
1

This does not provide an answer to the question. Once you have sufficient reputation you will be able to comment on any post; instead, provide answers that don't require clarification from the asker. - From Review – MBaz Jan 04 '22 at 18:54
I believe the first line of my answer indicates that I know this already. I'm also not asking for clarification from the asker, but from the answerer, because I think there's an error in the answer. – Johan Jan 04 '22 at 19:09
Johan: Indeed, unfortunately the moderation tools are not very nuanced. When a moderator turns your answer to a comment, they'll realize it should be attached to the existing answer. In the mean time, I've upvoted you so that you're nearer to being able to comment on others' posts. – MBaz Jan 04 '22 at 21:14

score 1 · Answer 2 · answered May 25 '22 at 01:11

The answer given by OverLordGoldDragon was close but not quite right. As can be seen from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation, the phase requires the time integral of the signal, not just the signal itself. I believe the correct implementation looks like,

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#%% signal generation
fn = 500 # Nyquist Frequency
fs = 2*fn # sampling frequency
t = np.arange(0, 10, 1/fs) # time axis
f_sig = 0.1 # base signal frequency
sig = np.cos(2np.pif_sig*t) # base signal
#%% modulation
fc = 10 # carrier frequency
k = 0.05 # sensitivity
phi = 2np.pifct + knp.cumsum(sig) # phase
sig_mod = np.cos(phi) # modulated signal
#%% plotting
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 1, num=0, clear=True, sharex=True)
ax[0].set_title('Signal')
ax[0].plot(t, sig)
ax[1].set_title('Modulated Signal')
ax[1].plot(t, sig_mod)
ax[1].set_xlabel('Time')

score 0 · Accepted Answer · answered Jul 21 '21 at 14:57

0

Input to sine should be phase, not frequency
The * t is only to apply to fc per 1

Corrected:

Code

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#%% Generate #################################################################
t = np.linspace(0, 1, 2048, 0)
fc = 200
b = 15
data = -np.cos(2np.pi  1 * t)
phi = fct + b  data
fm = np.sin(2np.pi  phi)
#%% Plot #####################################################################
plt.plot(t, fm)
plt.xlabel("Time(s)")
plt.ylabel("Amplitude")
plt.plot(t, data)
intended_freq_approx = np.hstack([0, np.diff([data])])
intended_freq_approx = np.abs(data).max() / np.abs(intended_freq_approx).max()
plt.plot(t, intended_freq_approx)
plt.legend(['FM Signal', 'Original Signal', '~Intended Freq'])
plt.show()
#%% Bonus ####################################################################
from ssqueezepy import ssq_stft
from ssqueezepy.visuals import imshow
Tx = ssq_stft(fm)[0][::-1]
imshow(Tx, abs=1, title="abs(SSQ_STFT)", ylabel="frequency", xlabel="time", 
       ticks=0)

answered Jul 21 '21 at 14:57

OverLordGoldDragon

8,912
5
23
74

Thank you, I also tried loading a wav file and FM it, I added the results in the question, do you think it works?, FC=20KHz – yarin Cohen Jul 21 '21 at 15:19
@yarinCohen You're using an audio signal as phase, this will not yield meaningful results (imagine time vs frequency looking like the audio signal). How to FM properly is its own question; I can imagine a multi-component approach. – OverLordGoldDragon Jul 21 '21 at 16:17
Dang I thought I can use the same formula for the audio signal as well, as it's just bunch of cos and sine waves, is there a special name for FM an audio signal? because I can't find anything on then web. – yarin Cohen Jul 21 '21 at 17:20
@yarinCohen "How to frequency modulate an audio signal", is how I'd ask on this network. Can't just feed to sin since it blends multi-component phases and yields nonsense. – OverLordGoldDragon Jul 21 '21 at 21:35
Granted, it's not an unambiguous question, would need clarification on the precise goal. – OverLordGoldDragon Jul 21 '21 at 21:58

Python- FM Modulation

3 Answers3

Code