How do I determine if the following function is periodic?

Question

A question in my textbook asks me to determine if the function $f(x)=\cos(3x)+\sin(x)$ is periodic. I do not believe this to be the case as the arguments of sine and cosine are different and as such they cannot be written as a sinusoid. How can I determine for certain if the function is periodic or not?

Here's my attempt at answering my own question, please critique where possible.

A function is periodic if $f(x+p)=f(x) \therefore \cos(3(x+p)) + \sin(x+p) = \cos (3x) + \sin(x)$

Letting $x = 0$:

$\cos(0)+\sin(0)=\cos(3p)+\sin(p)$

$1=\cos(3p)+\sin(p)$

Where do I go from here? I know that this would hold when: sine is 0 and cosine is 1 OR when cosine is 0 and sine is 1. However how do I ascertain for which value of P this occurs?

Try to simplify $f(x+2\pi)$ using the usual rules for $\sin$ and $\cos$ — Hagen von Eitzen, Nov 03 '14 at 13:50
@seeker, See http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/897987/principal-period-of-sin-frac3x4-cos-frac2x5 — lab bhattacharjee, Nov 03 '14 at 18:26
Sketch the graph. It has two frequencies, two periods coming together. — Narasimham, Aug 26 '15 at 15:22

John Joy · Accepted Answer · 2014-11-03T18:01:33.527

27

Think about this problem intuitively. Consider a drag racer where the hind wheels have radii 3X the radii of the smaller front wheels. If we mark the wheels (on one side of the car) where they initially touch the ground with yellow chalk, how often will the yellow chalk on both wheels be touching the ground simultaneously? enter image description here

edited Nov 03 '14 at 18:01

answered Nov 03 '14 at 14:21

John Joy

7,790

Every time they complete a full revolution? – seeker Nov 03 '14 at 15:09
2

nice illustration btw – seeker Nov 03 '14 at 15:24
BTW http://bl.ocks.org/jinroh/7524988 comes close to this idea, use settings "Square" and "4". Only that the small circle (~ cos term) has as much smaller radius than the big one (~ sin term) and the angle offset of the small one (phase) seems off by a quarter revolution. – mvw Nov 03 '14 at 16:09
@mvw very nice link, ty – John Joy Nov 03 '14 at 16:42
@seeker clearly every time the big wheel completes 1 revolution, the small wheel completes 3 of them. So the period should be $3(2\pi)=6\pi$ – John Joy Nov 03 '14 at 16:46
I think the period is $2\pi $ not $6\pi $ – seeker Nov 03 '14 at 17:21
@seeker You're absolutely right. Sometimes I have my moments. – John Joy Nov 03 '14 at 17:25
It's okay! Thank you for your help, it really cleared things up after I got over the confusion over which wheel represented cos(3x) and sin(x). – seeker Nov 03 '14 at 17:27

score 5 · Answer 2 · answered Nov 03 '14 at 13:50

5

Hint: A function $f$ is periodic with a period $T$ if $f(x) = f(x + T)$. $T$ should be non-zero.

Can you spot a common period for both summands?

Try to plot the function to get an idea what is going on.

answered Nov 03 '14 at 13:50

mvw

34,562

$\frac{3\pi}{4}$ radians? Is it also possible that you could suggest improvements to my answer? – seeker Nov 03 '14 at 15:34
@seeker You made a mistake at the beginning: $f(x+p) = \cos(3(x+p))+\sin(x+p)$ – mvw Nov 03 '14 at 15:50

score 3 · Answer 3 · answered Aug 26 '15 at 15:26

Hint: $$ \begin{align} \cos(3(x+2\pi))+\sin(x+2\pi) &=\cos(3x+6\pi)+\sin(x+2\pi)\\ ]\end{align} $$ Now apply the fact that $\sin(x+2\pi)=\sin(x)$ and $\cos(x+2\pi)=\cos(x)$.

Note that the last identity says that $\cos(x+6\pi)=\cos(x+4\pi)=\cos(x+2\pi)=\cos(x)$.

score 1 · Answer 4 · edited Feb 03 '16 at 13:21

1

To check if a function repeats itself with respect to time i.e after a fixed interval of time.

So we just have to interpret when the function is going to repeat.

Sine and cosine repeat at multiples $2\pi$.

$\cos3x+\sin x$, after $2\pi$ period of time $\cos3(x+2\pi)+\sin(x+2\pi)$ Which equal to $\cos3x+\sin x$ i.e the original function.

edited Feb 03 '16 at 13:21

answered Feb 03 '16 at 12:04

Vishvwarya Singh Chohan

11

How do I determine if the following function is periodic?

4 Answers4