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Calculate this limit without using taylor or hopital

$$\lim_{x\rightarrow 0^+}\frac{\frac{4}{\pi}\arctan(\frac{\arctan x}{x})-1}{x}$$

I have no idea to start the problem please help

StubbornAtom
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user315918
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    What are the methods you are supposed to know ? As commented earlier in a previous post of yours, good luck without using taylor or hopital. By the way, the names are Taylor and L'Hospital or L'Hôpital – Claude Leibovici Oct 02 '16 at 13:31
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    $\frac{4}{\pi}\arctan\left(\frac{\arctan x}{x}\right)$ is an even function, hence if the limit exists, it must be zero. – Jack D'Aurizio Oct 02 '16 at 13:48
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    Please edit the post to include more context. Even if you cannot solve it, you can explain where you encountered it and why it is of interest. If it is just a homework problem, you should know that this is a site for people to ask questions about math that they are engaged in, but it is not a homework help site. Posts that do nothing but state a problem are discouraged. – Carl Mummert Oct 02 '16 at 13:54

2 Answers2

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We can proceed as follows \begin{align} L &= \lim_{x \to 0^{+}}\dfrac{\dfrac{4}{\pi}\arctan\left(\dfrac{\arctan x}{x}\right) - 1}{x}\notag\\ &= \lim_{x \to 0^{+}}\frac{4}{\pi}\cdot\dfrac{\arctan\left(\dfrac{\arctan x}{x}\right) - \arctan 1}{x}\notag\\ &= \frac{4}{\pi}\lim_{x \to 0^{+}}\frac{1}{x}\arctan\left(\frac{\arctan x - x}{\arctan x + x}\right)\tag{1}\\ &= \frac{4}{\pi}\lim_{x \to 0^{+}}\frac{1}{x}\cdot\dfrac{\arctan x - x}{\arctan x + x}\cdot\dfrac{\arctan\left(\dfrac{\arctan x - x}{\arctan x + x}\right)}{\dfrac{\arctan x - x}{\arctan x + x}}\tag{2}\\ &= \frac{4}{\pi}\lim_{x \to 0^{+}}\frac{1}{x}\cdot\dfrac{\arctan x - x}{\arctan x + x}\tag{3}\\ &= \frac{4}{\pi}\lim_{x \to 0^{+}}\dfrac{\arctan x - x}{x^{2}}\cdot\frac{x}{\arctan x + x}\notag\\ &= \frac{4}{\pi}\lim_{x \to 0^{+}}\dfrac{\arctan x - x}{x^{2}}\cdot\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{\arctan x}{x} + 1}\notag\\ &= \frac{4}{\pi}\cdot 0 \cdot\frac{1}{1 + 1}\notag\\ &= 0\notag \end{align} We have made use of the standard limit $$\lim_{x \to 0}\frac{\arctan x}{x} = 1$$ and also note that from this answer we have $$\lim_{x \to 0^{+}}\frac{\arctan x - x}{x^{2}} = 0$$ and hence $$\lim_{x \to 0^{+}}\frac{\arctan x - x}{\arctan x + x} = \lim_{x \to 0^{+}}\frac{\arctan x - x}{x^{2}}\cdot x\cdot\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{\arctan x}{x} + 1} = 0$$ and therefore the steps from $(1)$ to $(2)$ to $(3)$ are justified.

Community
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Paramanand Singh
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Hint. For any differentiable function $f$ near $a$, one has $$ \lim_{x\to a^+}\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}=f'(a). $$ One may just apply it with $$ f(x)=\frac{4}{\pi}\arctan\left(\frac{\arctan x}{x}\right)-1,\qquad a=0. $$

Olivier Oloa
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