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For any real-valued smooth function $u$, we have the Kato inequality

$|\nabla|\nabla u||^2\leq(\operatorname{trace}(\operatorname{Hess}(u)))^2$,

which holds when $|\nabla u|\neq0$.

If moreover $u$ is harmonic (in an open set in $\mathbb{R}^n$), how would the Kato inequality be improved to

$|\nabla|\nabla u||^2\leq\frac{nāˆ’1}{n}(\operatorname{trace}(\operatorname{Hess}(u)))^2$ ?

Miranda
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