This question originates from Pinter's A Book of Abstract Algebra, Chapter 27, Exercise H1.
Prove if $a(x)$ and $b(x)$ have a common root $c$ in some extension of $F$, they have a common factor of positive degree in $F[x]$. [Use the fact that $a(x), b(x) \in \operatorname{ker} \sigma_c$.]
[Edited]
Let $\sigma_c$ be the substitution function such that $\sigma_c(a(x))=a(c)$. Note the range of $\sigma_c$ is the minimal extension $F(c)$, and $\sigma_c$ is a homomorphism.
Let $E$ be some extension of $F$, so $F(c) \subseteq E$. The kernel of $\sigma_c$ consists of all the polynomials in $F[x]$ such that $c$ is a root. Thus $a(x), b(x)\in \operatorname{ker}\sigma_c$. Since the kernel of any homomorphism is an ideal and every ideal of $F[x]$ is principal, $a(x)$ and $b(x)$ must have a common factor of positive degree in $F[x]$.
Correct?