If I understand your question correctly, it seems to me that this is just the sphere-packing problem (or also the hypersphere packing problem). The fact that you're packing the spheres in a larger sphere shouldn't matter because we allow the smaller spheres to be arbitrarily small.
Here is a nice presentation on some of what we know. It seems much of what you are asking is still an open question. In summary, it seems that $c_0=1$, $c_1=\frac{\pi}{2\sqrt 3}$, and $c_2=\frac{\pi}{3\sqrt 2}$.
Some items of note: the sphere-packing problem is often discussed in two sub-problems: regular (lattice) packings and irregular packings. Also, we know more about $c_7$ and $c_{23}$ than we do about $c_4$ because of special lattices that exist in $\mathbb{R}^8$ and $\mathbb{R}^{24}$. A related problem is the kissing number problem, which again is solved in $8$ and $24$ dimensions, but open in $5$ dimensions!