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Let say we have $N$ dice with 6 faces. I'm asking my self, what is the probability that the maximum number of dice with the same face is $k$?

In more precise terms, what is the size of this set?

\begin{equation} D_k = \{ \, (d_i)_{i = 1}^{N} \ | \ \max_{j = 1 \dots 6} \ | \small{\{} \, i \ | \ d_i = j \ \small{\}} | = k \ \} \end{equation}

My approch was to use partitions of integers. Lets define $\Lambda = (\lambda_i)_{i = 1}^6$ a non-increasing partition of $N$ where $\lambda_i$ can be $0$. For example $\Lambda = (0,1,2,0,1,1)$ is a partition on $5$ and it represents a throw of 5 dice where the result is like $$2 \ \ 3 \ \ 5 \ \ 3 \ \ 6$$

Now I defince the space

\begin{equation} D^{\Lambda} = \{ \, (d_i)_{i = 1}^{N} \ | \ \small{\#} \small{\{} \, i \ | \ d_i = j \ \small{\}} = \lambda_j \ , \ \forall j = 1 \dots 6 \} \end{equation} where $\Lambda = (\lambda_i)_{i = 1}^6$ is a partition like the one above.

I prooved and checked with python that $$\small{\#} D^{\Lambda} = \cfrac{N!}{\lambda_1 ! \ \cdot \ ... \ \cdot \ \lambda_6 !}$$

Clearly $$D_k = \bigcup_{\Lambda \in P_k} D^\Lambda$$ where $P_k$ is the set of all partitions $(\lambda_i)_{i = 1}^6$ of $N$ such that $\max(\lambda_i) = k$. Now I'm stucked. I think there is a better way to calculate this probability but this is my try. I enjoyed the road since now so if yuo want, try it.

  • Related (practically dup):

    https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2657146/what-is-the-probability-that-throwing-m-balls-at-random-in-n-urns-at-least-o

    https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/25876/probability-of-3-people-in-a-room-of-30-having-the-same-birthday/2117261

    https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/475169/maximum-number-of-balls-thrown-into-k-urns-with-equal-probability

    – leonbloy Jan 12 '24 at 12:51

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