The image "container" or object has several pieces of metadata about the image and its encoding, as well as the image data (i.e., the values that define the pixels) itself. You can see what this data is using
InputForm[img]
where img is your image. For the Mars picture of the question

this gives:
Image[RawArray["Byte", {{{221, 139, 66}, {217, 135, 64} ....
.... {0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0}}}], "Byte", ColorSpace -> "RGB",
ImageSize -> All, Interleaving -> True]
so you can see that the meta data is limited to Byte type (binary, grayscale, etc) ColorSpace (RGB, HSB, etc), ImageSize, and InterLeaving. There is no place to store an address for the source of the image.
This image of Mars does not seem to be part of the Wolfram curated data, as it is not part of either ExampleData["TestImage"] or ExampleData["AerialImage"]. If you do a google image search on this image, here are the images google thinks are most similar:

InputForm[]to peer at it, you'll see it's anImage[]object. – J. M.'s missing motivation May 25 '13 at 09:52