what is the form of second law of thermodynamics in other situations, like chemical, electrical reactions? I know Gibbs energy works just for constant temperature and pressure, but what about other conditions?
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1Does this answer your question? Why are thermodynamic potentials minimised? – Chemomechanics Dec 23 '22 at 02:15
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That link translates total entropy maximization (which always holds) to minimization of the appropriate potential. You'd define this potential as appropriate; for constant volume, constant temperature $T$, constant matter, and constant electric field $E$, for example, the potential $\Phi\equiv U-TS-EP$ is a candidate for minimization (energy $U$, entropy $S$, electrical polarization $P$). Generally, you subtract from $U$ the relevant conjugate pairs (the volume and amount of material are already natural variables for $U$). Does this get at what you're asking about? – Chemomechanics Dec 23 '22 at 02:20