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Thermal states don't have poissonian statistics.

But here @A.P. says:

If the phases of the emitted photons were uncorrelated the random interference would lead to a thermal state, as explained in this answer.

Why wouldn't randomizing the phase just force the offdiagonal elements of the coherent state density matrix to go to zero?

Steven Sagona
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2 Answers2

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Let me tailor my answer for the context of your question. Let's start from the picture of a coherent classical laser beam being sent through a random phase mask:

All the parts of the phase mask which are illuminated contribute light of different phase. At each point on the screen the partial beams interfere. The overall intensity at this point can be higher or lower than the average. The spread in intensities is higher than if you were to spread the laser beam over the screen with a convex lens for example. In fact, one can show that the intensity distribution on the screen is thermal. See for example Loudon – The Quantum Theory of Light chapter 3.1, especially figure 3.3 the phasor ansatz. Hence, random interference doesn't only change the off-diagonal elements in the density matrix, but changes all the statistical moments.

Now that was for a classical electric field, where it is the electric field which interferes. In the case of many phase-independent single photon emitters (the case which my answer refers to) it is the quantum paths that interfere. Quantum paths can be imagined as follows: If there are $N$ sources and $k$ detection events there are $N! / (N - k)!$ possible quantum paths that led to this result. For example source1 causes detection event1, source2 causes detection event5 and so on. Because you don't know the assignment of sources to detection events the quantum paths interfere. This leads to thermal light statistics (Bose-Einstein distribution) because of the random phases.

If there was no random interference the result would be a Binomial distribution, which in the limit $N \to \infty$ becomes a Poissonian distribution. In the case of stimulated emission the emitted photon contributes to the mode which stimulated the emission. So in the ideal case everything is in a single mode, which can't have a relative phase to itself.

A. P.
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  • Thanks for answering here. I suspect that adding a phase-mask is different than if one were to use an EOM and change the phase at a high rate (and sampling in a way that the phase is effectively randomized). Do you agree that in this case that it would look like a coherent state with offdiagonals density matrix elements that go to zero? (If this is not clear I can expand on my question to elaborate on this point specifically. ) – Steven Sagona Jan 17 '21 at 02:26
  • Also I'll try to grab a copy of Loudon, so I'll check out chapter 3 when I get a chance. – Steven Sagona Jan 17 '21 at 02:30
  • In this case that you describe, it seems more like you are describing the process of attributing a random phase to each component of the spatial mode, (And then repeating this process as it goes through this material), this to me seems to be very different from just assigning a random phase $\phi_r$ to $\textbf{E}\cos{(\omega t+\phi_r)}$ – Steven Sagona Jan 17 '21 at 02:32
  • @StevenSagona Sending the whole beam of light through an EOM would change the phase of the whole beam. But without a phase reference this global phase can be neglected. If you wanted to realize random interference with an EOM it would be necessary to split the beam into many, send them through an independent EOM each and them recombine them. – A. P. Jan 17 '21 at 08:57
  • Okay so it seems as though I am correct that this "phase randomization" that you're referring to is something very specific (crambling the phase of all points in the spatial mode.), and that if I were to change the whole phase, then it would behave as I expect (coherent state with zero offdiagonal density matrix elements). I think clearing up this language is pretty important. – Steven Sagona Jan 17 '21 at 18:34
  • The phase randomization I am referring to (using an EOM to make the phase effectively random), is used for getting an 2-photon correlation for HOM interference of coherent states, and is also used for many other things (which I can provide links for if your interested). Also homodyne detection (which is what allows you to uncover the offdiagonal elements of the density matrix), also has the "local oscillator" as a phase reference, so I think this "global phase" is very commonly looked at. – Steven Sagona Jan 17 '21 at 18:37
  • @StevenSagona I'm not sure about whether the random EOM can remove the off-diagonals, but I'm curious what The Vee's question will unveil. Everything else you say is definitely true, especially that clear language is important. I should have put more emphasis on interference rather than phase. Depending on the community in which one gets familiar with the physics one has a different vocabulary and different fixed/free conditions and parameters. – A. P. Jan 17 '21 at 19:09
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Just to be clear for future people reading this question/answer. This only works for this special ``phase randomization'' described by @A.P. - in which the phase of all components of the spatial mode are assigned a random phase.

This is different from uniformly changing the phase by a random amount (which is also a common technique), which is commonly done with an EOM.

Uniform phase randomization with an EOM produces a "poisson process" (coherent state light with no offdiagonal density matrix elements). Nonuniform phase randomization (with respect to the spatial mode) produces thermal light.

Steven Sagona
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