The resistors are 1k8 pull-ups to 3V3.
At a guess they are the tiny devices (smd) marked R24/R23 next to J8 pins 3/5.
I'm not sure if detailed schematics have been published yet.
See the B+ schematics at Link
The above applies to the I2C bus connected to pins 3/5. There is another I2C bus connected to gpios 0/1 (J8 pins 27/28) which is not intended for general use. This bus does not have hard wired pull-ups.
You can check for the presence of hard wired pull-ups by setting the gpio as an input and then setting the internal (50k) pull-down. If a hard wired pull up is present the gpio will read 1 even if the (far weaker) internal pull down is enabled.