So, Just to answer my question and give some hints to people that may have the same problem:
A new SD works, but if you format it with the official SD formatter tool, that somehow breaks all following attempts to install windows 10 IoT via the IoT dashboard (tested with 2 new SD cards, and any following formatting with other tools do not fix this).
If by any chance you did break your sd card with SD formatter, you can install NOOBS on it, which can download windows 10 IoT on it. The only difference between NOOBS and dashboard installation is that with NOOBS you have to configure the passwords/networks/etc after the installation, where the dashboard configures them during the installation (with the preferences you entered)