As far as I can tell, there isn't enough public information to know which systems are vulnerable. The Cisco blog you linked to appears to be the primary source for this news (other sites have since picked it up, but add nothing), and it does have any concrete information on the infection vector.
The Cisco blog now includes the following edit (emphasis mine):
The observation of affected hosts running Linux kernel 2.6 is
anecdotal and in no way reflects a universal condition among all of
the compromised websites. Accordingly, we have adjusted the title for
clarity. We have not identified the initial exploit vector for the
stage zero URIs. It was not our intention to conflate our anecdotal
observations with the technical facts provided in the listed URIs or
other demonstrable data, and the below strike through annotations
reflect that. We also want to thank the community for the timely
feedback.