Yes, 2.5" drives are better designed to withstand physical shock.
They have accelerometers that detect increasing velocity and attempt to move the head off the platter before impact. This is sometimes referred to as a "free fall sensor" or "active hard drive protection". This feature was first available in a ThinkPad T41 laptop in 2003, but later introduced to the drives themselves in 2007 with the Seagate Momentus 7200.2.
They're also designed and tested to withstand minor shocks in both operating and non-operating states. For example, the current Seagate 2.5" BarraCuda drive specifications list an operating shock capacity of 300-400 Gs, whereas the 3.5" BarraCuda doesn't list this specification at all. Their NAS and enterprise drives (IronWolf and Exos), which aren't designed for portable use, do list this specification, and despite their higher cost, have a shock capacity of only 25-70 Gs.