Yes, this is easily possible if you set the seed directly before the plot and use the same samples and domain settings.
If you don’t want to set the seed manually, you can store it before the first plot and re-set it afterwards.
Code
\documentclass[tikz,convert=false]{standalone}
\makeatletter
\def\pgfmathstoreseed#1{\let#1\pgfmath@rnd@z}
\let\pgfmathrestoreseed\pgfmathsetseed
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\pgfmathstoreseed\mySeed
\draw[color=blue, samples=250] plot[domain=0:10] (\x,rand/10) node[right] {$f(x)$};
\pgfmathrestoreseed\mySeed
\draw[color=red, samples=250] plot[domain=0:10] ({\x,rand/10 + sin (\x r)})
node[below] {$f(x) + \sin x$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\pgfmathsetseed{126838}
\draw[color=blue, samples=250] plot[domain=0:10] (\x,rand/10) node[right] {$f(x)$};
\pgfmathsetseed{126838}
\draw[color=red, samples=250] plot[domain=0:10] ({\x,rand/10 + sin (\x r)})
node[below] {$f(x) + \sin x$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
\end{document}
Output
