If you look up \title in the latex source, you'll see it's defined like this:
\def\title#1{\gdef\@title{#1}}
So the title is stored in a regular macro named \@title. The only problem with using that to recover the title is the @ sign, normally not allowed in control sequences.
To get around this, alias a regular macro to \@title:
\documentclass{scrartcl}
\title{Example}
\author{me}
\makeatletter
\let\inserttitle\@title
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\maketitle
The title is: ``\inserttitle'' (Here it should read ``Example'')
\end{document}
\label does something a little bit different. It saves the value of the currently active counter (requiring an aux file and a second pass), and you want to save the expansion text of a macro. Macros are well suited for the latter, and it would be hard to overload \label and \nameref to do the former.
You'll also see that I reorganized your code. I think it's best to put macros that do not produce output like \title and \author in the preamble rather than within the document. There shouldn't be anything between \begin{document} and \maketitle because you will likely get extra spaces from blank lines. Also, having those “metadata” declarations in the preamble, and especially right after \documentclass{} makes it easier to identify the file to the user editing it.