Here is a suggestion using \markboth
\newcommand\Chapter[2]{\chapter
[#1\hfil\hbox{}\protect\linebreak{\itshape#2}]%
{#1\\[2ex]\Large\itshape#2}%
\markboth{\MakeUppercase{\chaptername\ \thechapter.\ #1}}{}%
}



Code:
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\newcommand\Chapter[2]{\chapter
[#1\hfil\hbox{}\protect\linebreak{\itshape#2}]%
{#1\\[2ex]\Large\itshape#2}%
\markboth{\MakeUppercase{\chaptername\ \thechapter.\ #1}}{}%
}
\usepackage{blindtext}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\Chapter{Title}{Subtitle}
\blindtext[10]
\end{document}
There is another possibility: try a KOMA-Script class with the class option
headings=optiontoheadandtoc
Then the extended interpretation of the optional argument is activated and you can use
\newcommand\Chapter[2]{\chapter[
tocentry={#1\hfil\hbox{}\protect\linebreak{\itshape#2}},
head={#1}
]{#1\\[2ex]\Large\itshape#2}%
}



Code:
\documentclass[headings=optiontoheadandtoc]{scrbook}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\newcommand\Chapter[2]{\chapter[
tocentry={#1\hfil\hbox{}\protect\linebreak{\itshape#2}},
head={#1}
]{#1\\[2ex]\Large\itshape#2}%
}
\usepackage{blindtext}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\Chapter{Title}{Subtitle}
\blindtext[10]
\end{document}