There is no requirement that \includegraphics is in a figure environment, which is for including floating objects (including pictures) with their caption.
For your problem, use the titling package that allows customizing the \maketitle command adding items where needed.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{titling}
% set up \maketitle to accept a new item
\predate{\begin{center}\placetitlepicture\large}
\postdate{\par\end{center}}
% commands for including the picture
\newcommand{\titlepicture}[2][]{%
\renewcommand\placetitlepicture{%
\includegraphics[#1]{#2}\par\medskip
}%
}
\newcommand{\placetitlepicture}{} % initialization
\begin{document}
\title{A very important paper}
\author{A. Uthor}
\date{38 July 2014}
\titlepicture[width=3in]{example-image}
\maketitle
\end{document}
So long as you have \titlepicture before \maketitle you'll get the picture where you want it. Not specifying \titlepicture will do nothing different from the usual \maketitle.

\author{bb\\[5mm] \includegraphics[width=3in]{figure1}}– Nov 27 '14 at 10:09