This is an adaption of Kpym's answer. While Kpym's solution is closer to your stated desiderata, mine is shorter and more flexible in that it allows you to select any colour.
\documentclass[border=5pt,tikz]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\tikzset{
C/.style={circle},
theme color/.style={C/.append style={fill=#1!50}},
}
\tikzset{theme color=magenta}
\begin{document}
\tikz \node[C] {Test};
\end{document}
However, you might like to include the option of adjusting the opacity, and it is probably best to ensure that defaults are set in case the user (possibly you) does not remember to set the colour or whatever.
The following is based on Claudio Fiandrino's answer and sets up defaults for the colour and opacity, with the option of overriding them. If used in your preamble, you need to enclose in \makeatletter... \makeatother due to the @. If used in your library code, this won't be necessary.
\tikzset{
C/.style={circle, fill=\my@theme@color!\my@theme@color@opacity},
theme color/.store in=\my@theme@color,
theme color opacity/.store in=\my@theme@color@opacity,
theme settings/.code={%
\tikzset{#1}},
theme color=blue,% set a default
theme color opacity=50,% set a default
}
If you do nothing, you'll get a blue circle, 50% opacity. But you can change those defaults by overriding them in the preamble:
\tikzset{theme settings={theme color=magenta, theme color opacity=75}}
which will give you a magenta circle, filled at 75% opacity. Or you can override them for a particular node or for a particular scope within a picture.

\documentclass[border=5pt,tikz]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\makeatletter
\tikzset{% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/159856/ - Claudio Fiandrino
C/.style={circle, align=center, fill=\my@theme@color!\my@theme@color@opacity},
theme color/.store in=\my@theme@color,
theme color opacity/.store in=\my@theme@color@opacity,
theme settings/.code={%
\tikzset{#1}},
theme color=blue,% set a default
theme color opacity=50,% set a default
}
\makeatother
\tikzset{theme settings={theme color=magenta, theme color opacity=75}}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[C] {Preamble\\Config};
\begin{scope}[theme settings={theme color=yellow, theme color opacity=100}]
\node [C, xshift=15mm] {Scope\\Config};
\end{scope}
\node [C, theme color=green, theme color opacity=15, xshift=29mm] {Node\\Config};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}