Peer pressure once again. :)
IIRC, pure Lua has no built-in way to find out the current working directory without resorting to trickery. Thankfully, LuaTeX is shipped with the amazing LuaFileSystem, which is a "library developed to complement the set of functions related to file systems offered by the standard Lua distribution."
The reference section of the LFS manual indicates a way of achieving what we want:
lfs.currentdir ()
Returns a string with the current working directory or nil plus an error string.
There we go! Now let's write our .tex file based on this idea:
\documentclass{article}
\edef\workingdir{\unexpanded\expandafter{\directlua{tex.write(lfs.currentdir())}}}
\begin{document}
Hello, I'm in \workingdir
\texttt{\meaning\workingdir}
\end{document}
Thanks to egreg for providing the \edef version instead of my original \newcommand approach; that way, it should avoid problems with special characters in the path, and if put in the preamble of the main document, the value won't change when \workingdir is used in an \input file.
Here's the sample output from my machine:

There we go! :)
Update: If we don't want to "freeze" the working directory value, I believe we can rely on my first attempt using \newcommand instead of using \edef:
\newcommand{\actualworkingdir}{%
\unexpanded\expandafter{\directlua{tex.write(lfs.currentdir())}}}
That way, lfs.currentdir() is always issued on demand. Please bear in mind that the difference of both approaches is quite substantial:

--recorderoption – David Carlisle Feb 21 '15 at 15:19-recorderoption. – Yossi Gil Feb 21 '15 at 18:06\currfilepathfrom the currfilepackage? – Keks Dose Feb 24 '15 at 16:17-recordflag. The solution below is useful in circumstances where you uselualatexanyway. – Yossi Gil Feb 24 '15 at 21:12