Add a \strut to the beginning and end of the \parbox. The top and bottom of the \parbox are flush-fitting to the text, so if you need the normal dead-zone space above and below the line, a \strut extends the text row vertically to the extent allocated by normal line spacing.
Placing a flush-fitting box around each \parbox demonstrates the problem with the unstrutted \parboxes, as shown here:
\documentclass[a4paper]{scrartcl}
%\usepackage{polyglossia} % language package
%\setmainlanguage{english} % select language for polyglossia
\let\svparbox\parbox
\fboxsep=-\fboxrule
\renewcommand\parbox[3][c]{\fbox{\svparbox[#1]{#2}{#3}}}
\begin{document}
\parbox{20mm}{Some Text in the first column} \parbox{30mm}{Some Text in the second column}\par
\parbox{20mm}{Some Text in the first column} \parbox{30mm}{Some Text in the second column}\par
\parbox{20mm}{Some Text in the first column} \parbox{30mm}{Some Text in the second column}\par
\end{document}

Here is a fix by adding a \strut to the beginning/end of the \parbox..
\documentclass[a4paper]{scrartcl}
%\usepackage{polyglossia} % language package
%\setmainlanguage{english} % select language for polyglossia
\begin{document}
\parbox{20mm}{\strut Some Text in the first column\strut} \parbox{30mm}{\strut Some Text in the second column\strut}\par
\parbox{20mm}{\strut Some Text in the first column\strut} \parbox{30mm}{\strut Some Text in the second column\strut}\par
\parbox{20mm}{\strut Some Text in the first column\strut} \parbox{30mm}{\strut Some Text in the second column\strut}\par
\end{document}

If you always wanted to strut your \parboxes, you could redefine it:
\let\svparbox\parbox
\renewcommand\parbox[3][c]{\svparbox[#1]{#2}{\strut#3\strut}}
Safer though, would be to create your own macro:
\newcommand\sparbox[3][c]{\parbox[#1]{#2}{\strut#3\strut}}
\strutto get the correct text wrapping behavior (http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/229026/hyphenation-text-wrapping-in-parbox). – white_gecko Feb 25 '15 at 13:00\let\svparbox\parbox\fboxsep=-\fboxrule\renewcommand\parbox[3][c]{\fbox{\svparbox[#1]{#2}{#3}}}– Steven B. Segletes Feb 25 '15 at 13:04band theoin the last\svparbox– white_gecko Feb 25 '15 at 13:10