Since this about the \chapter* command for two titles (Abstract and Preface) only, it's sufficient to say \chapter*{\centering Abstract} etc. as command. This is grouped inside the internal command \@makeschapterhead -- it does not have a side effect on other implicitly used \chapter* commands, such as in \tableofcontents.
(The \blindtext as well as Some text aren't centered, so the \centering inside the \chapter* argument is safe, as long as no entry to the ToC is necessary (which is not the case, as we are talking about \chapter*)
If all \chapter* or \chapter titles should be centered horizontally, an \xpatchcmd approach is more useful. (See the edit at the bottom of this answer)
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{blindtext}
\begin{document}
\chapter*{\centering Preface}
\blindtext
Some text
\chapter*{\centering Abstract}
\chapter{Introduction}
\chapter{Body}
\chapter{Conclusion}
\end{document}

Edit
This code centers all chapter titles (regardless whether \chapter* or \chapter) horizontally
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{xpatch}
\usepackage{blindtext}
\makeatletter
\xpatchcmd{\@makeschapterhead}{%
\Huge \bfseries #1\par\nobreak%
}{%
\Huge \bfseries\centering #1\par\nobreak%
}{\typeout{Patched makeschapterhead}}{\typeout{patching of @makeschapterhead failed}}
\xpatchcmd{\@makechapterhead}{%
\huge\bfseries \@chapapp\space \thechapter
}{%
\huge\bfseries\centering \@chapapp\space \thechapter
}{\typeout{Patched @makechapterhead}}{\typeout{Patching of @makechapterhead failed}}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\chapter*{Preface}
\blindtext
Some text
\chapter*{Abstract}
\blindtext
\chapter{Introduction}
\blindtext
Another text
\chapter{Body}
\blindtext
\chapter{Conclusion}
\blindtext
\end{document}
centeringthe titles horizontally, not both horizontally and vertically? – May 25 '15 at 08:41