Hard way is to renew cvlist environment:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage{currvita}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\makeatletter
\renewenvironment{cvlist}[1]{%
\sbox{\@cvlistheading}{\makebox[0pt][l]{\rule[-0.5\baselineskip]{\textwidth}{0.4pt}}%
\cvlistheadingfont#1}%
\begin{list}{}{%
\renewcommand*{\makelabel}[1]{%
\settowidth{\@tempdima}{\usebox{\@cvlistheading}}%
\ifthenelse{\lengthtest{\@tempdima > 0pt}}{%
\settowidth{\@tempdimb}{\cvlabelfont##1}%
\ifthenelse{%
\lengthtest{\@tempdima < \cvlabelwidth} \and
\lengthtest{\@tempdimb = 0pt}}{%
\parbox[b]{\cvlabelwidth}{%
\vspace{\cvlabelskip}%
\makebox[\cvlabelwidth][l]{%
\box\@cvlistheading
}%
}%
}{%
\parbox[b]{0pt}{%
\makebox[0pt][l]{\box\@cvlistheading}%
\\*[0.5\baselineskip plus 1pt minus 1pt]%
}%
}%
}{}%
\cvlabelfont##1\hfill
}%
\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex}%
\setlength{\parsep}{%
0.5\baselineskip plus 1pt minus 1pt%
}%
\setlength{\topsep}{%
1\baselineskip plus 2pt minus 2pt%
}%
\setlength{\partopsep}{0ex}%
\setlength{\labelsep}{\cvlabelsep}%
\setlength{\labelwidth}{\cvlabelwidth}%
\setlength{\leftmargin}{\cvlabelwidth}%
\addtolength{\leftmargin}{\cvlabelsep}%
}%
}{%
\end{list}%
}%
\makeatother
\begin{document} \setlength{\cvlabelwidth}{6cm}
\begin{cvlist}{Schulbildung:}
%\item[\rule{\textwidth}{0.4pt}]
\item[08/200X ~\textemdash~ zurzeit] Grundschule und Gymnasium in Mettmann
(Leistungskurse Mathematik und Physik)
\end{cvlist}
\end{document}
Soft way is to patch:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage{currvita}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{xpatch}
\xpatchcmd{\cvlist}{\cvlistheadingfont#1}
{\makebox[0pt][l]{\rule[-0.5\baselineskip]{\textwidth}{0.4pt}}\cvlistheadingfont#1}
{}{}
\begin{document} \setlength{\cvlabelwidth}{6cm}
\begin{cvlist}{Schulbildung:}
%\item[\rule{\textwidth}{0.4pt}]
\item[08/200X ~\textemdash~ zurzeit] Grundschule und Gymnasium in Mettmann
(Leistungskurse Mathematik und Physik)
\end{cvlist}
\end{document}

\\*[0.5\baselineskip plus 1pt minus 1pt]%in the first code. Change0.5\baselineskipto any value you desire. – Nov 06 '15 at 13:42