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I got a message for missing { inserted in caption

\caption{Schematic of band alignment due to the contact formation between
metal and n-type semiconductor. Here, $\phi_{MS}$ is the difference of
metal work function ($\phi_M$) and semiconductor work function ($\phi_S$),
E$_F$ is the Fermi energy level of metal, E$_F$ is the Fermi energy level
of semiconductor, E$_C$ is the the conduction band (CB) minima, E$_V$ is
the valence band (VB) maxima and  $\phi_S^'$ is Shottky barrier
height  [Piprek\cite{AB2}].}

and .lof file open with text

\addvspace {10\p@ }
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Schematic of band
alignment due to the contact formation between metal and n-type
semiconductor. Here, $\phi _{MS}$ is the difference of metal work function
($\phi _M$) and semiconductor work function ($\phi _S$), E$_F$ is the
Fermi energy level of metal, E$_F$ is the Fermi energy level of
semiconductor, E$_C$ is the the conduction band (CB) minima, E$_V$ is the
valence band (VB) maxima and $\phi _S^'$ is Shottky barrier height
[Piprek\cite {AB2}].}}{6}{figure.1.1}

Can any body help whats wrong in this

Arun Debray
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    Welcome to TeX.SX! Without any really line of code and document to work with this is difficult. –  Nov 03 '15 at 21:16
  • It is best to post code that reproduces the error or at the very least post the full error message from ! to?in a code section on the question. probably you have a fragile command in the caption that needs\protect, which could be some definitions of\cite` but the fragments you show do not show any obvious error – David Carlisle Nov 03 '15 at 21:40
  • unrelated to the error but why are you using weird markup like E$_V$ and $\phi_S^'$ rather than $\mathrm{E}_V$ and $\phi'_S$ ? – David Carlisle Nov 03 '15 at 21:43

1 Answers1

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The issue is with $\phi_S^'$. LaTeX interprets an apostrophe in math mode as a superscript prime, so there is no difference between \phi_S' and \phi_S^\prime. Thus, if you write \phi_S^', it will be interpreted as \phi_S^^\prime, which is a double superscript and causes the error you got.

The correct way to write it is $\phi_S'$.

See also this TeX.SX post.

Arun Debray
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