By default pgfplotstable assumes numbers, and will try to parse the content of the cells as numbers. If you set string type for the column containing the citation it seems to work fine:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{pgfplotstable,filecontents}
\begin{filecontents*}{example.txt}
x,y,meta
1,2,\cite{aksin}
2,3,\cite{angenendt}
3,7,\cite{doody}
\end{filecontents*}
\usepackage[backend=biber]{biblatex}
\addbibresource{biblatex-examples.bib}
\begin{document}
\pgfplotstabletypeset[
col sep=comma,
display columns/2/.style={string type} % column count starts at 0, col 2 is third column
]{example.txt}
\printbibliography
\end{document}

Citation in header
I don't have a good solution for this case at the moment, though I do have a workaround. Remove the citation from the .csv file, and replace the column name for the column in question with something containing a citation.
Alternatively, if you don't need any parsing of the values in the columns, you can use the method described in https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/236364/586
There may well be better ways of doing this, but I'm not that well versed in pgfplotstable trickery.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{pgfplotstable,filecontents}
\begin{filecontents*}{example.txt}
x,y,whatever % note no citation here
1,2,\cite{aksin}
2,3,\cite{angenendt}
3,7,\cite{doody}
\end{filecontents*}
\begin{filecontents*}{example2.txt}
x,y,meta\cite{glashow}
1,2,\cite{aksin}
2,3,\cite{angenendt}
3,7,\cite{doody}
\end{filecontents*}
\usepackage[backend=biber]{biblatex}
\addbibresource{biblatex-examples.bib}
\begin{document}
\pgfplotstabletypeset[
col sep=comma,
display columns/2/.style={string type},
every col no 2/.style={column name={meta\cite{glashow}}} % redefine column name
]{example.txt}
\pgfplotstabletypeset[
col sep=comma,
header=false,
every head row/.style={output empty row},
string type
]{example2.txt}
\printbibliography
\end{document}
