An alternative, where you can turn off nath again:
(I'm not responsible if anything breaks. This is only tested in very limited cases.)
Basically with that preamble you have \enablenath and \disablenath. Nevertheless, it doesn't work to do \newcommand\formulaOne because the category code of $^_ changes with and without nath.
(naturally, as unicode-math sets the math code when \AtBeginDocument is called, it will probably not work in that case)
%! TEX program = lualatex
% from https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/32148/250119
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
{ % nath does not backup these 4, do it manually
\makeatletter
\catcode`*=11 %letter
\global\let\o@equation\equation
\global\let\o@equation\equation
\global\let\o@endequation\endequation
\global\let\o@endequation\endequation
}
\protected\def\foreachnathcommand#1{#1{addcontentsline}#1{array}#1{atop}#1{backslash}#1{bar}#1{begin}#1{bigcap}#1{bigcup}#1{bigodot}#1{bigoplus}#1{bigotimes}#1{bigsqcup}#1{biguplus}#1{bigvee}#1{bigwedge}#1{breve}#1{check}#1{choose}#1{coprod}#1{ddot}#1{display}#1{displaystyle}#1{dot}#1{dots}#1{downarrow}#1{Downarrow}#1{end}#1{endarray}#1{eqno}#1{er@}#1{fbox}#1{hat}#1{int}#1{label}#1{langle}#1{lbrace}#1{lbrack}#1{lceil}#1{left}#1{leqno}#1{lfloor}#1{math}#1{mathop}#1{oint}#1{over}#1{overline}#1{prod}#1{rangle}#1{rbrace}#1{rbrack}#1{rceil}#1{rfloor}#1{right}#1{scriptscriptstyle}#1{scriptstyle}#1{sqrt}#1{sum}#1{textstyle}#1{tilde}#1{underline}#1{uparrow}#1{Uparrow}#1{updownarrow}#1{Updownarrow}#1{vert}#1{Vert}#1{widehat}#1{widetilde}%
#1{equation}#1{endequation}#1{equation}#1{endequation}%
}
\protected\def\disablenathcommand#1{\expandafter \let \csname#1\expandafter\endcsname \csname o@#1\endcsname}
\protected\def\enablenathcommand#1{\expandafter \let \csname#1\expandafter\endcsname \csname nath@#1\endcsname}
\protected\edef\disablenath{%
\catcode$=3 \catcode^=7
\catcode_=8 \mathcode(=\the\mathcode( \mathcode[=\the\mathcode[ \mathcode<=\the\mathcode< \mathcode)=\the\mathcode) \mathcode]=\the\mathcode] \mathcode>=\the\mathcode> \mathcode,=\the\mathcode, \mathcode;=\the\mathcode; \mathcode!=\the\mathcode`!
\mathcode=\the\mathcode
\foreachnathcommand\disablenathcommand
}
\protected\def\enablenath{%
\catcode$=12 \catcode^=12
\catcode_=12 \mathcode(="8000
\mathcode[="8000 \mathcode<="8000
\mathcode)="8000 \mathcode]="8000
\mathcode>="8000 \mathcode,="8000
\mathcode;="8000 \mathcode!="8000
\mathcode``="8000
\foreachnathcommand\enablenathcommand
}
\usepackage{nath}
\protected\def\savenathcommand#1{\expandafter \let \csname nath@#1\expandafter\endcsname \csname #1\endcsname}
\foreachnathcommand\savenathcommand
\disablenath
\begin{document}
\section{With nath}
\enablenath
\begin{equation}
(
\sum_{0 \le i \le m \ 0 < j < n} P(i,j)
) = [
1 + \frac{1 + x^2}{1 - \frac{x}{2}}
]
\end{equation}
\section{Without nath}
\disablenath
\begin{equation}
\left(
\sum_{\substack{0 \le i \le m \ 0 < j < n}} P(i,j)
\right) = \left[
1 + \frac{1 + x^2}{1 - \frac{x}{2}}
\right]
\end{equation}
\section{With nath (again)}
\enablenath
\begin{equation}
(
\sum_{0 \le i \le m \ 0 < j < n} P(i,j)
) = [
1 + \frac{1 + x^2}{1 - \frac{x}{2}}
]
\end{equation}
\end{document}
