Possibility 1:
Use a pdf viewer with such capabilities. For example the pdf viewer which ships along with TeXStudio has a magnifier with adjustable shape, magnification and size:

Possibility 2:
Not with hovering the mouse, but with click and predefined areas: Look into the \framezoom command. An example from the beamer user guide (11.3 Adding Anticipated Zooming):
\documentclass{beamer}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}<1>[label=zooms]
\frametitle<1>{A Complicated Picture}
\framezoom<1><2>[border](0cm,0cm)(2cm,1.5cm)
\framezoom<1><3>[border](1cm,3cm)(2cm,1.5cm)
\framezoom<1><4>[border](3cm,2cm)(3cm,2cm)
\pgfimage[height=8cm]{example-image}
\end{frame}
\againframe<2->[plain]{zooms}
\end{document}