See README of hyperref contains:
titlesec
--------
"nameref" supports titlesec, but hyperref does not
(unsolved is the anchor setting, missing with unnumbered
section, perhaps problems with page breaks with numbered ones).
Thus, you can use nameref with titlesec, but hyperref is unsupported then.
The example compiles with nameref instead of hyperref:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage{nameref}
\begin{document}
\section*{Section title}\label{first}
See section \nameref{first}.
\end{document}
However, \nameref{first} is empty, because the \label{first} does not reference a numbered section. Unnumbered sections are not supported.
Workaround
The following workaround defines a macro \starsection that passes its argument to \section*. Then an internal command (\@currentlabelname) is defined via the internal interface of nameref (macro \NR@gettitle). Then, \label can pick up the current section title for use with \nameref.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage{nameref}
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\starsection}[1]{%
\section*{#1}%
\NR@gettitle{#1}%
}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\starsection{Section title}\label{first}
See section \nameref{first}.
\end{document}

titlesec, answer updated accordingly. – Heiko Oberdiek Oct 19 '17 at 16:23