The package nicematrix has tools designed to address that kind of problem. In the following code, I have loaded nicematrix (and unloaded colortbl) and replaced the environment {tabular} with the environment {NiceTabular} with the key color-inside (alias colortbl-like) which means that there will be color instructions within the tabular.
You have directly the expected output. The rules won't seem to vanish, whatever PDF viewer you use.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{nicematrix}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\begin{NiceTabular}{| >{$}c<{$} | c | c |}[color-inside]
\hline
\rowcolor{blue!25}
M_{\delta} & $t_{go}^{s}$ [sec] & Miss Distance [m] \ \hline
-100 & 0.5274 & 1.40153 \ \hline
-150 & 0.4664 & 1.03992 \ \hline
-200 & 0.4360 & 0.85460 \ \hline
-250 & 0.4216 & 0.74391 \ \hline
-300 & 0.4172 & 0.67290 \ \hline
-350 & 0.4179 & 0.62575 \ \hline
-400 & 0.4190 & 0.59338 \ \hline
-450 & 0.4183 & 0.56994 \ \hline
-500 & 0.4161 & 0.55187 \ \hline
\end{NiceTabular}
\end{center}
\end{document}
You need several compilations (because nicematrix uses PGF/TikZ nodes under the hood).

Moreover, {NiceTabular} has a key hvlines to draw all the rules in the tabular. Hence, you have the same output with the following code:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{nicematrix}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\begin{NiceTabular}{>{$}c<{$} c c }[color-inside,hvlines]
\rowcolor{blue!25}
M_{\delta} & $t_{go}^{s}$ [sec] & Miss Distance [m] \
-100 & 0.5274 & 1.40153 \
-150 & 0.4664 & 1.03992 \
-200 & 0.4360 & 0.85460 \
-250 & 0.4216 & 0.74391 \
-300 & 0.4172 & 0.67290 \
-350 & 0.4179 & 0.62575 \
-400 & 0.4190 & 0.59338 \
-450 & 0.4183 & 0.56994 \
-500 & 0.4161 & 0.55187 \
\end{NiceTabular}
\end{center}
\end{document}
\rowcolor{blue!25} $M_{\delta}$ &$t_{go}^{s}$ [sec] & \text{Miss Distance [m]}– Bernard Jun 30 '18 at 13:59