biblatex does not have a list of entries that crossref a particular parent entry. So when we process poe1907hemmelighedsfulde we have no way of knowing its children.
That means that a first step to solving this problem is to obtain its children. This happens in the \AtDataInput below: For each entry with crossref the list \knblx@crossrefs@<refsection>@for@<entrykey> will contain its children. The fact that this happens on a biblatex level in \AtDataInput implies a very important limitation: Children are only detected if they appear in the .bbl file, i.e. when they are explicitly \cited or if they are added to the .bbl with \nocite. It is unlikely that this limitation could be overcome even if the list of entries were provided by Biber out of the box, since that would require that each entry in the .bib - cited or not - would have to be examined and read (related: Is it possible to add entries to the bibliography based on keyword using Biblatex/Biber and within the document code?).
If you have that list of children, implementing a \citeallcontainedtitles is 'just' a matter of looping over the list and printing the desired information. Since it is not guaranteed in general that a crossref-ing entry has the "in" relationship to its parent, the command as implemented in the MWE checks that this is the case.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[backend=biber]{biblatex-chicago}
\makeatletter
\AtDataInput{%
\iffieldundef{crossref}
{}
{\listcsxadd{knblx@crossrefs@\the\c@refsection @for@\thefield{crossref}}{\thefield{entrykey}}}}
% {<loopcode>}{<entrytype> (* applies to all types)}{<entry key>}
\newcommand*{\knlbx@filteredloop}[3]{%
\edef\knblx@thisentrytype{#2}%
\entrydata{#3}{%
\ifstrequal{#2}{*}
{#1}
{\expandafter\ifentrytype\expandafter{\knblx@thisentrytype}
{#1}
{}}}}
\newbibmacro{citeallcontainedtitles}{%
\ifcsvoid{knblx@crossrefs@\the\c@refsection @for@\thefield{entrykey}}
{\blx@nounit}
{\forlistcsloop
{\knlbx@filteredloop
{\usebibmacro{kncite:title}%
\setunit{\addcomma\space}}
{in\thefield{entrytype}}}
{knblx@crossrefs@\the\c@refsection @for@\thefield{entrykey}}}}
\newbibmacro{kncite:title}{%
\ifciteindex
{\indexfield{indextitle}}
{}%
\printfield[citetitle]{labeltitle}}
\makeatother
\DeclareCiteCommand{\citeallcontainedtitles}
{\boolfalse{citetracker}%
\boolfalse{pagetracker}%
\usebibmacro{prenote}}
{\usebibmacro{citeallcontainedtitles}}
{\multicitedelim}
{\usebibmacro{postnote}}
\usepackage{filecontents}
\begin{filecontents}{\jobname.bib}
@book{poe1907hemmelighedsfulde,
title = {Hemmelighedsfulde Fortællinger},
author = {Poe, Edgar Allan},
year = {1907},
publisher = {Gyldendal},
}
@inbook{poe1907mysteriet,
title = {Mysteriet Marie Rogêt},
crossref = {poe1907hemmelighedsfulde},
}
@inbook{poe1907guldbillen,
title = {Guldbillen},
crossref = {poe1907hemmelighedsfulde},
}
\end{filecontents}
\addbibresource{\jobname.bib}
\nocite{*}
\begin{document}
The book \citetitle{poe1907hemmelighedsfulde} contains \citeallcontainedtitles{poe1907hemmelighedsfulde}.
\end{document}

crossrefpoe1907hemmelighedsfuldeis not available tobiblatexout of the box. Additionally you would not know that all entries thatcrossrefpoe1907hemmelighedsfuldeare really@inbooks (i.e. chapters/other units of the@bookpoe1907hemmelighedsfulde), so even if there was such a list, it would have to be filtered. – moewe Sep 29 '18 at 05:08