I already have found the solution to define a new environment without the additional space above the paragraph. But why does the "vanilla" way of defining this not work?
Pictures
MWE
\documentclass[
fontsize=11pt,
DIV=12,
paper=a4,
]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
%%% the GOOD definition
\newenvironment{goodgood}{\ignorespaces\par\centering\begin{minipage}{0.8\linewidth}\small\sffamily}{\end{minipage}\par\ignorespacesafterend}
%%% the PROBLEMATIC definition
\newenvironment{asdf}{\begin{center}\begin{minipage}{0.8\linewidth}\small\sffamily}{\end{minipage}\end{center}}
\begin{document}
ABC
\begin{asdf}
bad vertical spacing
\end{asdf}
DEF
\begin{goodgood}
GOOD VERTICAL SPACING
\end{goodgood}
AAA
\end{document}

\begin{center}...\end{center}adds space. See https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/23650/35864. So if you don't want additional space (which together with aminipagecould add up),\begin{center}...\end{center}is probably not your weapon of choice. – moewe Dec 22 '18 at 20:21\singlespacingis undefined. LaTeX throws an error (which should not be ignored!), but continues pretending\singlespacingwasn't there. – moewe Dec 22 '18 at 20:24\ignorespacesat the beginning of the environment definition. It seems somewhat pointless to suppress spaces there, since they would have to come from the macro definition itself and there aren't any. I'm also not sure if the\ignorespacesafterendis needed here. – moewe Dec 22 '18 at 20:36setspace. Thanks! Also, I played around with\ignorespacesand you are right with that as well! – henry Dec 22 '18 at 20:49\ignorespaces\paris the same as\paras there are no spaces between\ignorespacesand\par. – David Carlisle Dec 22 '18 at 21:02