You can use \captionof{subfigure} pretty much anywhere. There are lots of packages which will put boxes around figures or subfigures, but you really don't need it. Just remember that the box also has to fit into the text area.
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\captionsetup[subfigure]{labelformat=parens}
\usepackage{showframe}% MWE only
\begin{document}
{\centering
\fbox{\rule{0.8\textwidth}{0.8\textheight}}
\captionof{subfigure}{title}
}\par
\end{document}
More to the specifics of your question:
Note that the figure caption will appear twice in the list of figures.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{showframe}% MWE only
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}
\centering
\fbox{\rule{0.8\textwidth}{0.8\textheight}}
\caption{}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{figure caption}
\end{figure}
\addtocounter{figure}{-1}%
\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}
\centering
\fbox{\rule{0.8\textwidth}{0.8\textheight}}
\setcounter{subfigure}{1}%
\caption{}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{figure caption}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
\includegraphicsalong with the location of the image in the above example? – user1330974 Feb 26 '19 at 17:07\captionsetup[subfigure]{labelformat=empty}to turn off the auto-captioning. :) – user1330974 Feb 26 '19 at 17:33