You could use \input|"inkscape -V" (requires -shell-escape). However, I suggest defining a macro so that you can also manipulate the output:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{catchfile}
\CatchFileDef{\inkscapebanner}{|"inkscape -V"}{}
\begin{document}
\inkscapebanner
\end{document}

An example of manipulation:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{catchfile}
\CatchFileDef{\inkscapebanner}{|"inkscape -V"}{}
\makeatletter
\def\@getinkscapeversioninfo#1 #2 #3, #4\@nil{%
\def\inkscapeversion{#2}%
\def\inkscapebuild{#3}%
\def\inkscaperelease{#4}%
}
\expandafter\@getinkscapeversioninfo\inkscapebanner\@nil
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\inkscapebanner\par
\inkscapeversion\par
\inkscapebuild\par
\inkscaperelease\par
\end{document}

The mandatory expl3 version:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{expl3}
\ExplSyntaxOn
\tl_new:N \inkscapebanner
\tl_new:N \inkscapeversion
\tl_new:N \inkscapebuild
\tl_new:N \inkscaperelease
\sys_shell_get:nnN { inkscape~-V } { \char_set_catcode_space:n { `~ } } \inkscapebanner
\seq_set_split:NnV \l_tmpa_seq { ~ } \inkscapebanner
\tl_set:Nx \inkscapeversion { \seq_item:Nn \l_tmpa_seq { 2 } }
\tl_set:Nx \inkscapebuild { \seq_item:Nn \l_tmpa_seq { 3 } }
\tl_set:Nx \inkscapebuild { \tl_range:Nnn \inkscapebuild { 1 } { -1 } }
\tl_set:Nx \inkscaperelease { \seq_item:Nn \l_tmpa_seq { 4 } }
\ExplSyntaxOff
\begin{document}
\inkscapebanner\par
\inkscapeversion\par
\inkscapebuild\par
\inkscaperelease\par
\end{document}
\input|"inkscape -V"should work. – egreg May 16 '19 at 22:12