I am not sure if pgfplots supports that. If so, then through the option points, which I left but commented in my code because I couldn't make the picture transform. However. it is possible to use the 3d library to transform and place the picture.
\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\usetikzlibrary{3d,calc}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
enlargelimits=false,
axis on top,
axis equal image,
xmin=0,xmax=4,
ymin=-1,ymax=1,
zmin=-1,zmax=1,
xlabel=$x$,ylabel=$y$,zlabel=$z$,
view={-20}{30},
xtick={0, 3},
]
\path (axis cs:0,0,0) coordinate (O) (axis cs:1,0,0) coordinate (X)
(axis cs:0,1,0) coordinate (Y) (axis cs:0,0,1) coordinate (Z)
(axis cs:3,0,0) coordinate (P) ;
% \addplot3 graphics [points={
% (3,-1,-1) => (0,0)
% (3,1,1) => (8,5)
% (3,-1,1) => (0,5)
% (3,1,-1) => (8,0)
% (3,0,0) => (4,2.5)
% }
% ] {example-image-duck};
\end{axis}
\begin{scope}[x={($(X)-(O)$)},y={($(Y)-(O)$)},z={($(Z)-(O)$)},
canvas is yz plane at x=0,transform shape]
\path (P) node{\includegraphics[width=2cm,height=2cm]{example-image-duck}};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

You can have it inside the axis environment as well.
\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\usetikzlibrary{3d,calc}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
enlargelimits=false,
axis on top,
axis equal image,
xmin=0,xmax=4,
ymin=-1,ymax=1,
zmin=-1,zmax=1,
xlabel=$x$,ylabel=$y$,zlabel=$z$,
view={-20}{30},
xtick={0, 3},
]
\path (axis cs:0,0,0) coordinate (O) (axis cs:1,0,0) coordinate (X)
(axis cs:0,1,0) coordinate (Y) (axis cs:0,0,1) coordinate (Z)
(axis cs:3,0,0) coordinate (P)
[x={($(X)-(O)$)},y={($(Y)-(O)$)},z={($(Z)-(O)$)},
canvas is yz plane at x=0,transform shape]
(P) node{\includegraphics[width=2cm,height=2cm]{example-image-duck}};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}