Yes, it is. One way to achieve this is to put the path picture into nodes and make sure that then the node you put in the path picture does not see the options, which can be achieved by setting locally every node/.style={}.
\documentclass[margin=10pt]{standalone}
\usepackage[dvipsnames,svgnames]{xcolor}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{mindmap,trees,shadows}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
[mindmap,
font=\large\bfseries\sffamily,
grow cyclic,
every node/.style={concept, circular drop shadow,
%minimum size=0pt,
execute at begin node=\hskip0pt},
%concept color=magenta!70!black,
root concept/.append style={
font=\huge\sffamily\bfseries,text width=8cm,concept color=Gold},
level 1/.append style={sibling angle=360/10,
font=%\color{Seashell}
\bfseries\sffamily
\LARGE,
level distance=35em,
inner sep=0pt,
text width=4cm,
sibling distance=1cm,
concept color=Goldenrod,
nodes={%
fill=none,draw,
path picture={\node[every node/.style={}] at (path picture bounding box.center)
{\includegraphics[width=4cm,height=4.1cm]{example-image-duck}};},%},
},
},
level 2/.append style={%sibling angle=37.5,
sibling distance=21em,
font=\color{Seashell}\sffamily\bfseries\fontsize{36pt}{48pt}\selectfont,level distance=10cm,inner sep=0pt,text width=7cm,color=purple!50},
]
\node [root concept] {Root Concept}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

If you replace example-image-duck by GoldLeaf.jpg from here you get

If you want to make the nodes of more levels golden, you may want to define a style for that.
\documentclass[margin=10pt]{standalone}
\usepackage[dvipsnames,svgnames]{xcolor}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{mindmap,shadows}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\tikzset{golden/.style={
fill=none,draw,
path picture={\node[every node/.style={}] at (path picture bounding box.center)
{\includegraphics[width=#1,height=#1]{GoldLeaf.jpg}};},%},
},golden/.default=4cm
}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[mindmap,
font=\large\bfseries\sffamily,
grow cyclic,
every node/.style={concept, circular drop shadow,
%minimum size=0pt,
execute at begin node=\hskip0pt},
%concept color=magenta!70!black,
root concept/.append style={
font=\huge\sffamily\bfseries,text width=8cm,concept color=Gold,
golden=8cm},
level 1/.append style={sibling angle=360/10,
font=%\color{Seashell}
\bfseries\sffamily
\LARGE,
level distance=35em,
inner sep=0pt,
text width=4cm,
sibling distance=1cm,
concept color=Goldenrod,nodes={golden=4cm}
}]
\node [root concept] {Root Concept}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}}
child {node {Node}};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Notice that if you want to make the connecting bars follow the pattern, too, you will probably be better off with a different approach using path fading, something that I will be happy to spell out at another day.
nodes={...}either toroot conceptor toevery node/.style, right? – Nov 25 '19 at 22:15