I use the following code to help with supporting xetex and pdftex with Linux Libertine and Latin Modern Mono along with Biolinum. You need to use fontspec, and you don't need to load the libertine package at all with xetex unless you want some of the libertine-specific glyph commands, so you can remove it.
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\usepackage{ifthen}
\ifxetex
\usepackage{libertine}
\usepackage[log-declarations=false]{xparse} % same as below
\usepackage[quiet]{fontspec} % remove quiet option to check for errors
\setromanfont[Ligatures={Common,TeX}]{Linux Libertine O}
\setmainfont[Ligatures={Common,TeX}]{Linux Libertine O}
\setmonofont[SmallCapsFont={Latin Modern Mono Caps}]{Latin Modern Mono Light}
\setsansfont{Linux Biolinum O}
\usepackage{xunicode}
\else
\usepackage{sansmath}
%\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage{libertine}
\usepackage{DejaVuSansMono}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{epstopdf}
\usepackage[final,expansion=true,protrusion=true,spacing=true,kerning=true]{microtype}
\fi
TeX Live should have the fonts installed already, but I use miktex, so I can't help with distribution specific troubles. Remember to rehash your db.
Update: disregard DejaVuSansMono and update the pdftex code accordingly.
fc-list :outline -f "%{family}\n"in a terminal to get a list of available fonts and check the name. – Gonzalo Medina Apr 13 '12 at 18:48libertinusfonts instead. Libertinus Serif is an updated fork of Linus Libertine O, and Libertinus Mono is an updated for of Linux Biolinum O. There is also Libertinus Mono (Linux Libertine Mono O) and Libertinus Math. The one packagelibertinushas them all. No .sty file or .fd files, because the Libertinus fonts are ONLY Open Type, so they ONLY work withfontspec. – Dec 14 '17 at 18:14