I try making my second pair of parenthesis bigger to match the picture using:
$$= p+(1-p)\left(1+ \mathbf E [X]\right)$$
Somehow, that doesn't work. Can someone point out my error?
Note you should not use $$ in latex, there is no reason to enlarge the () here and latex does not by default but you could use
\bigl(1+...\bigr)
to force a larger size
A similar answer is in the following link. You can choose between the following options: \bigl, \Bigl and \Biggl . For example
\begin{equation}
\Biggl( \Bigl( \bigl((a+b)^2\bigr)^2 \Bigr)^2 \Biggr)^2
\end{equation}
the output is:
more Brackets and Parentheses in link

\vert and \Vert, which end up being | and ||, respectively. The advantage of the former is that there's also \lvert, \rvert, \lVert, and \rVert, which end up being | and ||, but having the appropriate interpretation of "left/right delimiter" which helps with the spacing.
– Teepeemm
Jan 10 '20 at 20:57
$$in latex, there is no reason to enlarge the () here and latex does not by default but you could use\bigl(1+...\bigr)to force a larger size – David Carlisle Jan 10 '20 at 17:46\[rather than$$is the default – David Carlisle Jan 10 '20 at 18:05$$. Or\\[and\\]– egreg Jan 10 '20 at 18:17$$) and pass it through a markdown processor before mathjax sees it (which is why\needs to be doubled) – David Carlisle Jan 10 '20 at 18:18