I explained the general structure of verbose citation styles and approaches to modifying their output just recently in Customize verbose citation style, so I won't go through the details here again.
The first citation of a work is printed by the bibmacro cite:full (verbose.cbx, ll. 93-99 v3.14). Essentially that macro just calls the bib driver for the correct entry type. This means that the first citation will look almost exactly like the corresponding entry in the bibliography.
If you want to change that for all entry types, you would just redefine cite:full to print something else instead. But if you want to change the output only for @articles, you need a more sophisticated approach. One way is to define a new bibmacro cite:full:article for @articles that prints only the desired data. We would then tell cite:full to use cite:full:article instead of the driver for @article entries.
\documentclass[ngerman]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{csquotes}
\usepackage[backend=biber,
style=ext-verbose-ibid,
isbn=false, url=false, doi=false, eprint=false,
dashed=false,
]{biblatex}
\renewbibmacro*{cite:full}{%
\usebibmacro{cite:full:citepages}%
\printtext[bibhypertarget]{%
\ifbibmacroundef{cite:full:\strfield{entrytype}}
{\usedriver
{\DeclareNameAlias{sortname}{default}}
{\thefield{entrytype}}}
{\usebibmacro*{cite:full:\strfield{entrytype}}}}%
\usebibmacro{shorthandintro}}
\newbibmacro{cite:full:article}{%
\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}%
\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}\newblock
\usebibmacro{title}%
\setunit{\addspace}%
\usebibmacro{issue+date}%
\usebibmacro{note+pages}%
}
\addbibresource{biblatex-examples.bib}
\begin{document}
Lorem\autocite{aksin} %article
ipsum\autocite{angenendt} %article
dolor\autocite{aksin}
sit\autocite{worman}
amet\autocite{nussbaum}
consectur\autocite{sigfridsson}
\printbibliography
\end{document}

As discussed in the comments, this changes only first citations of @article entries. Subsequent citations and entry types other than @article are unaffected. But the scheme can easily be extended to modify the first citations of other entry types. Just define the bibmacro cite:full:<type> analogous to cite:full:article above.
@book,@incollectionetc.? I outlined general principles to modifyverbosecitation styles just this morning, maybe that helps a bit: https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/542604/35864 – moewe May 07 '20 at 20:33verbosestyle use the bibliography driver, so in principle they produce the same output as the bibliography entry. If this is not desired then there are several possible ways around this. But which way is the most promising depends on what you want to happen to other types of entries: If you want to see only author, title and date for all entries then that would be done differently than if you want all other entries to remain as is. – moewe May 08 '20 at 12:26