It would be better to align the interest to the left as shown to give a neater look -- now quarterly interest can be added simply by interleaving on the left side

\documentclass[tikz, margin=3mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning,calc}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw[line width=1pt] (0,0)node(a){} -- (12,0)node(b){}[right=4mm];
\foreach \x/\y in {18000/0,19000/1,20000/2,21000/3}%
{
\draw[line width=1pt] (4*\y,-2mm) node[below] {\y} -- ++(0,4mm) node[above] {\$ \num{\x}};
\node [draw]at(-0.5cm,-2cm)(p){\$ {18,000}*0.06 = \$1,080};
\node [draw,below=of p.west,anchor=west](q){\$ {19,080}*0.06 = \$1,144.80};
\node [draw,below=of q.west,anchor=west](r){\$ {20224.80}*0.06 = \$1,213.49};
\draw[-latex] ($(a)!0.16!(b)$)node[below,yshift=-12pt,fill=white]{0.5} |-(p);
\draw[-latex] ($(a)!0.48!(b)$)node[below,yshift=-12pt,fill=white]{1.5} |-(q);
\draw[-latex] ($(a)!0.84!(b)$)node[below,yshift=-12pt,fill=white]{2.5} |-(r);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
edit---quarterly interest

\documentclass[tikz, margin=3mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning,calc}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw[line width=1pt] (0,0)node(a){} -- (12,0)node(b){}[right=4mm];
\foreach \x/\y in {18000/0,19000/1,20000/2,21000/3}%
{
\draw[line width=1pt] (4*\y,-2mm) node[below] {\y} -- ++(0,4mm) node[above] {\$ \num{\x}};
\node [draw]at(-0.5cm,-2cm)(p){\$ {18,000}*0.06 = \$1,080};
\node [draw,below=of p.west,anchor=west](q){\$ {19,080}*0.06 = \$1,144.80};
\node [draw,below=of q.west,anchor=west](r){\$ {20224.80}*0.06 = \$1,213.49};
\node [draw,below=of r.west,anchor=west](s){\$ {quarterly interest}*0.06 = \$X};
\draw[-latex] ($(a)!0.16!(b)$)node[below,yshift=-12pt,fill=white]{0.5} |-(p);
\draw[-latex] ($(a)!0.48!(b)$)node[below,yshift=-12pt,fill=white]{1.5} |-(q);
\draw[-latex] ($(a)!0.84!(b)$)node[below,yshift=-12pt,fill=white]{2.5} |-(r);
\draw[-latex] ($(a)!0.92!(b)$)node[below,yshift=-20pt,fill=white]{2.75} |-(s);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}