The enumerate bullet is defined in the beamer source code in the file beamerbaseauxtemplates.sty. You can copy the code from there and use it in a new command, where you supply an argument instead of the enumerate counter. The commands are listed as \defbeamertemplate{enumerate item}{ball} for the sphere, \defbeamertemplate{enumerate item}{circle} for the circle, and \defbeamertemplate{enumerate item}{square} for the square template.
For the circle template there is an additional font setting (with a \usebeamerfont command). You need to add a group (a pair of {} within the command) to prevent the font setting from taking effect outside of the command.
MWE:
\documentclass{beamer}
% sphere shape
\newcommand{\enumbullet}[1]{%
\begin{pgfpicture}{-1ex}{-0.65ex}{1ex}{1ex}
\usebeamercolor{item projected}
{\pgftransformscale{1.75}\pgftext{\normalsize\pgfuseshading{bigsphere}}}
{\pgftransformshift{\pgfpoint{0pt}{0.5pt}}
\pgftext{%
\usebeamerfont*{item projected}%
\color{fg}#1}}
\end{pgfpicture}%
}
% circle shape
\newcommand{\enumcircle}[1]{%
{\usebeamerfont*{item projected}%
\usebeamercolor[bg]{item projected}%
\begin{pgfpicture}{-1ex}{0ex}{1ex}{2ex}
\pgfpathcircle{\pgfpoint{0pt}{.75ex}}{1.2ex}
\pgfusepath{fill}
\pgftext[base]{\color{fg}#1}
\end{pgfpicture}}%
}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\title{example}
\author[...]{...}
\usetheme{AnnArbor}
\useoutertheme[right]{sidebar}
\setbeamercovered{dynamic}
\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definizione}{Definizione}
\theoremstyle{plain}
\newtheorem{theoremmm}{Theorem}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
\begin{theoremmm}
\begin{enumerate}
\item ...
\item ...
\end{enumerate}
\end{theoremmm}
Idea of proof of \enumbullet{1} and \enumbullet{2}
\end{frame}
\setbeamertemplate{enumerate item}[circle]
\begin{frame}
\begin{theoremmm}
\begin{enumerate}
\item ...
\item ...
\end{enumerate}
\end{theoremmm}
Idea of proof of \enumcircle{1} and \enumcircle{2}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
Result:


LaTeX Error: File "beamerthemePisa.sty" not found.Where did you find this Pisa theme ? – AndréC Aug 10 '20 at 15:26