Before someone suggests \left and \right... :-)
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation}
t \leq \biggl\lfloor \biggl(\frac{R}{\rho}\biggr)^{!!2} \biggr\rfloor
\end{equation}
\end{document}

Note the small negative space added in the exponent.
My personal preference goes to \DeclarePairedDelimiter from mathtools, which allows you to choose the scaling if you really want to:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{mathtools} % loads amsmath
\DeclarePairedDelimiter{\floor}{\lfloor}{\rfloor}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation}
\floor[\bigg]{\biggl(\frac{R}{\rho}\biggr)^{!!2}}
\qquad \floor{\biggl(\frac{R}{\rho}\biggr)^{!!2}} % automatic scaling with left/right
\end{equation*}
\end{document}

I find the second version horrible but that is just my personal taste...