Here's one possible solution using the \hyperlink, \hypertarget mechanism;
\hyperlinks are conveniently added using a redefinition of \@makechapterhead and a redefinition of \@chapter was used to place the corresponding \hypertargets:
\documentclass{report}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\makeatletter
\def\@chapter[#1]#2{\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
\refstepcounter{chapter}%
\typeout{\@chapapp\space\thechapter.}%
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}%
{\protect\numberline{\thechapter}\string\hypertarget{chap\thechapter}{#1}}%
\else
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{#1}%
\fi
\chaptermark{#1}%
\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\addvspace{10\p@}}%
\addtocontents{lot}{\protect\addvspace{10\p@}}%
\if@twocolumn
\@topnewpage[\@makechapterhead{#2}]%
\else
\@makechapterhead{#2}%
\@afterheading
\fi}
\def\@makechapterhead#1{%
\vspace*{50\p@}%
{\parindent \z@ \raggedright \normalfont
\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
\huge\bfseries \@chapapp\space \thechapter
\par\nobreak
\vskip 20\p@
\fi
\interlinepenalty\@M
\Huge \bfseries \hyperlink{chap\thechapter}{#1}\par\nobreak
\vskip 40\p@
}}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\chapter{Test Chapter One}
\chapter{Test Chapter Two}
\chapter{Test Chapter Three}
\end{document}
Here's the same idea using this time the titlesec package with its explicit option to place the \hyperlinks:
\documentclass{report}
\usepackage[explicit]{titlesec}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\titleformat{\chapter}[display]
{\normalfont\huge\bfseries}{\chaptertitlename\ \thechapter}{20pt}
{\Huge\hyperlink{chap\thechapter}{#1}}
\titleformat{name=\chapter,numberless}[display]
{\normalfont\huge\bfseries}{}{-22pt}
{\Huge#1}
\makeatletter
\def\@chapter[#1]#2{\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
\refstepcounter{chapter}%
\typeout{\@chapapp\space\thechapter.}%
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}%
{\protect\numberline{\thechapter}\string\hypertarget{chap\thechapter}{#1}}%
\else
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{#1}%
\fi
\chaptermark{#1}%
\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\addvspace{10\p@}}%
\addtocontents{lot}{\protect\addvspace{10\p@}}%
\if@twocolumn
\@topnewpage[\@makechapterhead{#2}]%
\else
\@makechapterhead{#2}%
\@afterheading
\fi}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\chapter{Test Chapter One}
\chapter{Test Chapter Two}
\chapter{Test Chapter Three}
\end{document}